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Isotopes of Gadolinium

List, data and properties of all known isotopes of Gadolinium.

Content
Atomic properties
Decay properties
NMR active nuclides
Radiation protection
References
Gadolinium isotopes

All atomic nuclei of the chemical element gadolinium are summarized under gadolinium isotopes; these all consist of an atomic nucleus with 64 protons and, in the uncharged state, 64 electrons. The difference between each gadolinium isotope is based on the number of neutrons in the nucleus.

 

Naturally Occurring Gadolinium Isotopes

Natural terrestrial gadolinium deposits consist of 6 stable nuclides and one radionuclide:

Atomic Mass maQuantityHalf-lifeSpin
Gadolinium
Isotopic mixture		157,25 u100 %
Isotope 152Gd151,91980(2) u0,20(3) %1.08(8) × 1014 a0+
Isotope 154Gd153,92087(2) u2,18(2) %stable0+
Isotope 155Gd154,92263(2) u14,80(9) %stable3/2-
Isotope 156Gd155,92213(2) u20,47(3) %stable0+
Isotope 157Gd156,92397(2) u15,65(4) %stable3/2-
Isotope 158Gd157,92411(2) u24,84(8) %stable0+
Isotope 160Gd159,92706(2) u21,86(3) %stable0+

 

In addition, more than 30 other gadolinium isotopes have been characterized, as well as several core isomers, all of which are unstable.

 

Isotope Table: Gadolinium

The two following tables list the most important data and properties of the Gadolinium isotopes. Further information on the individual Gadolinium isotopes is listed on separate pages and can be accessed via the link in column 1.

 

Atomic Properties

Isotope
Nuclide		ENAtomic Mass
[Nuclear Mass]
{Mass Excess}		Spin I
(h/2π)		Parent
123456
Gadolinium-13413464Gd70133.95566(43) u
[133.9205537 u]
{-41.30244 MeV}		0+
Gadolinium-13513564Gd71134.95234(43) u
[134.9172337 u]
{-44.395 MeV}		(5/2+)
Gadolinium-13613664Gd72135.94730(32) u
[135.9121937 u]
{-49.08973 MeV}		(0+)
Gadolinium-13713764Gd73136.94502(32) u
[136.9099137 u]
{-51.21354 MeV}		(7/2)
Gadolinium-13813864Gd74137.94010(21) u
[137.9049937 u]
{-55.79649 MeV}		0+
Gadolinium-13913964Gd75138.93813(21) u
[138.9030237 u]
{-57.63153 MeV}		(9/2-)139Tb
Gadolinium-139m139m64Gd75138.93813(21) u
[138.9030237 u]
{-57.63153 MeV}
Gadolinium-14014064Gd76139.93367(3) u
[139.8985637 u]
{-61.786 MeV}		0+140Tb
Gadolinium-14114164Gd77140.932126(21) u
[140.8970197 u]
{-63.22422 MeV}		1/2+141Tb
Gadolinium-141m141m64Gd77140.932126(21) u
[140.8970197 u]
{-63.22422 MeV}		11/2-
Gadolinium-14214264Gd78141.92812(3) u
[141.8930137 u]
{-66.95579 MeV}		0+142Tb
Gadolinium-14314364Gd79142.9267(22) u
[142.8915937 u]
{-68.27851 MeV}		(1/2)+143Tb
Gadolinium-143m143m64Gd79142.9267(22) u
[142.8915937 u]
{-68.27851 MeV}		(11/2-)
Gadolinium-14414464Gd80143.92296(3) u
[143.8878537 u]
{-71.7623 MeV}		0+144Tb
Gadolinium-14514564Gd81144.921710(21) u
[144.8866037 u]
{-72.92667 MeV}		1/2+145Tb
Gadolinium-145m145m64Gd81144.921710(21) u
[144.8866037 u]
{-72.92667 MeV}		11/2-
Gadolinium-14614664Gd82145.918319(4) u
[145.8832127 u]
{-76.08536 MeV}		0+146Tb
150Dy
Gadolinium-14714764Gd83146.9191010(21) u
[146.8839947 u]
{-75.35693 MeV}		7/2-147Tb
151Dy
Gadolinium-14814864Gd84147.9181215(17) u
[147.8830152 u]
{-76.26933 MeV}		0+148Tb
152Dy
Gadolinium-14914964Gd85148.919348(4) u
[148.8842417 u]
{-75.12685 MeV}		7/2-149Tb
153Dy
Gadolinium-15015064Gd86149.918664(7) u
[149.8835577 u]
{-75.764 MeV}		0+150Tb
154Dy
150Eu
Gadolinium-15115164Gd87150.920355(3) u
[150.8852487 u]
{-74.18884 MeV}		7/2-151Tb
Gadolinium-15215264Gd88151.91980(2) u
[151.8846937 u]
{-74.70582 MeV}		0+152Tb
152Eu
Gadolinium-15315364Gd89152.9217574(13) u
[152.8866511 u]
{-72.88251 MeV}		3/2-153Tb
Gadolinium-153m1153m164Gd89152.9217574(13) u
[152.8866511 u]
{-72.88251 MeV}		(9/2+)
Gadolinium-153m2153m264Gd89152.9217574(13) u
[152.8866511 u]
{-72.88251 MeV}		(11/2-)
Gadolinium-15415464Gd90153.92087(2) u
[153.8857637 u]
{-73.70912 MeV}		0+154Tb
154Eu
Gadolinium-15515564Gd91154.92263(2) u
[154.8875237 u]
{-72.06969 MeV}		3/2-155Tb
155Eu
Gadolinium-155m155m64Gd91154.92263(2) u
[154.8875237 u]
{-72.06969 MeV}		11/2-
Gadolinium-15615664Gd92155.92213(2) u
[155.8870237 u]
{-72.53544 MeV}		0+156Tb
156Eu
Gadolinium-156m156m64Gd92155.92213(2) u
[155.8870237 u]
{-72.53544 MeV}		7-
Gadolinium-15715764Gd93156.92397(2) u
[156.8888637 u]
{-70.82149 MeV}		3/2-157Tb
157Eu
Gadolinium-15815864Gd94157.92411(2) u
[157.8890037 u]
{-70.69108 MeV}		0+158Tb
158Eu
Gadolinium-15915964Gd95158.9263963(13) u
[158.89129 u]
{-68.5614 MeV}		3/2-159Eu
Gadolinium-159m159m64Gd95158.9263963(13) u
[158.89129 u]
{-68.5614 MeV}		5/2+
Gadolinium-16016064Gd96159.92706(2) u
[159.8919537 u]
{-67.94317 MeV}		0+160Eu
252Cf
Gadolinium-16116164Gd97160.9296763(16) u
[160.89457 u]
{-65.5061 MeV}		5/2-161Eu
Gadolinium-16216264Gd98161.930992(4) u
[161.8958857 u]
{-64.28054 MeV}		0+252Cf
Gadolinium-16316364Gd99162.934177(9) u
[162.8990707 u]
{-61.31373 MeV}		(5/2-,7/2+)
Gadolinium-16416464Gd100163.93586(43) u
[163.9007537 u]
{-59.74603 MeV}		0+252Cf
Gadolinium-16516564Gd101164.93939(13) u
[164.9042837 u]
{-56.45785 MeV}
Gadolinium-16616664Gd102165.94146(21) u
[165.9063537 u]
{-54.52966 MeV}		0+
Gadolinium-16716764Gd103166.94545(32) u
[166.9103437 u]
{-50.813 MeV}		(5/2-)
Gadolinium-16816864Gd104167.94808(43) u
[167.9129737 u]
{-48.36317 MeV}		0+
Gadolinium-16916964Gd105168.95260(54) u
[168.9174937 u]
{-44.15282 MeV}		(7/2-)
Gadolinium-17017064Gd106169.95558(64) u
[169.9204737 u]
{-41.37696 MeV}		0+

 

Radioactive Decay Properties

IsotopeRadioactive DecayExtern
Half-lifeDecay ModeProbabilityEnergy
789101112
Gd-134AL
Gd-1351.1(2) sEC, β+ → 135Eu
EC, p 134Sm		82 %
18 %		9.76(45) MeV
AL
Gd-136200 nsAL
Gd-1372.2(2) sEC β+ → 137Eu
EC, p → 136Sm		100 %
?		8.93(30) MeV
AL
Gd-1384.7(9) sEC β+ → 138Eu100 %5.95(20) MeVAL
Gd-1395.8(9) sEC β+ → 139Eu
EC, p → 138Sm		100 %
?		7.77(20) MeV
AL
Gd-139m4.8(9) sEC β+ → 139Eu
EC, p → 138Sm		100 %
?
Gd-14015.8(4) sEC β+ → 140Eu100 %5.20(6) MeVAL
Gd-14114(4) sEC β+ → 141Eu
β+, p → 140Sm		99.97 %
0.03(1) %		6.701(23) MeV
AL
Gd-141m24.5(5) sEC β+ → 141Eu
Iso → 141Gd		89(2) %
11(2) %
Gd-14270.2(6) sEC β+ → 142Eu100 %4.35(4) MeVAL
Gd-14339(2) sEC β+ → 143Eu100 %6.01(20) MeVAL
Gd-143m110.0(14) sEC β+ → 143Eu100 %AL
Gd-1444.47(6) minEC β+ → 144Eu100 %3.86(3) MeVAL
Gd-14523.0(4) minEC β+ → 145Eu100 %5.065(20) MeVAL
Gd-145m85(3) sIso → 145Gd
EC β+ → 145Eu		94.3(5) %
5.7(5) %
Gd-14648.27(9) dEC β+ → 146Eu100 %1.032(7) MeVAL
Gd-14738.06(12) hEC β+ → 147Eu100 %2.188(3) MeVAL
Gd-14871.1(12) aα → 144Sm100 %3.27129(3) MeVAL
Gd-1499.28(10) dEC β+ → 149Eu
α → 145Sm		> 99 %
<< 1 %		1.314(4) MeV
3.099(3) MeV		AL
Gd-1501.79(8) × 106 aα → 146Sm100 %2.807(6) MeVAL
Gd-151123.9(10) dEC → 151Eu
α → 147Sm		> 99 %
<< 1 %		0.464(4) MeV
2.6527(29) MeV		AL
Gd-1521.08(8) × 1014 aα → 148Sm100 %2.2044(10) MeVAL
Gd-153240.4(10) dEC → 152Eu100 %0.4847(18) MeVAL
Gd-153m13.5(4) μsIso → 153Gd100 %
Gd-153m276.0(14) μsIso → 153Gd100 %
Gd-154stableAL
Gd-155stableAL
Gd-155m31.97(27) msIso → 155Gd100 %
Gd-156stableAL
Gd-156m1.3(1) μs
Gd-157stableAL
Gd-158stableAL
Gd-15918.479(4) hβ- → 159Tb100 %0.9709(8) MeVAL
Gd-159m26.2(8) nsIso → 159Gd100 %
Gd-160stableAL
Gd-1613.66(5) minβ- → 161Tb100 %1.9556(14) MeVAL
Gd-1628.4(2) minβ- → 162Tb100 %1.40(4) MeVAL
Gd-16368(3) sβ- → 163Tb100 %3.282(9) MeVAL
Gd-16445(3) sβ- → 164Tb100 %2.30(14) MeVAL
Gd-16510.3(16) sβ- → 165Tb100 %4.11(6) MeVAL
Gd-1664.8(10) sβ- → 166Tb100 %3.35(21) MeVAL
Gd-1674.26 sβ- → 167Tb100 %5.11(36) MeVAL
Gd-1683.03(16) sβ- → 168Tb100 %AL
Gd-1690.75(21) sβ- → 169Tb
β-, n → 168Tb		100 %
?		6.18(58) MeV
0.50(58) MeV		AL
Gd-1700.41 sβ- → 170Tb
β-, n → 168Tb		100 %
?		5.34(72) MeV
0.88(67) MeV

 

Notes (related to the columns):

1 - name of the nuclide, isotope.
2 - E: isotope symbol with mass number (superscript; number of nucleons) and Atomic number (subscript; number of protons).
3 - N: number of neutrons.
4 - relative atomic mass of the Gadolinium isotope (isotopic mass including electrons) and the mass of the atomic nucleus in square brackets (nuclear mass, nuclide mass without electrons), each related to 12C = 12.00000 [2]. In addition, the mass excess is given in MeV.
5 - nuclear spin I, unit: h/2π.
6 - source nuclides: Possible, assumed or actual source nuclides (mother nuclides, parent nuclides). If applicable, the corresponding decay modes can be found in the data for the respective starting nuclide.

7 - isotope notation in short form.
8 - decay: half-live of the Gadolinium isotope (a = years; ; d = days; h = hours; min = minutes; s = seconds).
9 - decay mode: type of decay into the respective daughter nuclides with n = neutron emission; p = proton emission; α = alpha decay; β- = beta minus decay with electron emission; EC = electron capture; β+ = positron emission; ε = β+ and/or EC; Iso = isomeric transition; CD = cluster decay; SF = spontaneous decay.
10 - decay probability in percent (%).
11 - decay energy; Particle energy related to decay type.
12 - other information and notes: AL = Adopted Levels (link to external data [1]).

Miscellaneous:

()- Numbers in brackets: uncertainty to represent the spread of the reported value.
~ - Theoretical values or systematic trends.
  - unlisted-: Nuclides that have already been mentioned in the literature but for some reason can no longer be found in the current nuclide tables because their discovery e.g. has not confirmed.

 

NMR active Gadolinium nuclides

Nuclide
quantity 1)
spin		Nuclear
magnetic
moment
μ/μN		Gyromagnetic ratio
{Quadrupole moment}		Resonant
frequency
v0 bei 1 T		Relative
sensitivity
H0 = const.
v0 = const. 3)
155Gd
14,80(9) %
3/2-		- 0,25723(35)0,8273
{1,27(3)}		1,3120,00015
0,1541
157Gd
15,65(4) %
3/2-		- 0,3398(7)1,0792
{1,35(3)}		1,7200,00033
0,2020

1) Quantity Percentage of natural occurrence.

2) Gyromagnetic ratio: 107 rad T-1 s-1
    Quadrupole moment: Q [barn] = [100 fm2]

3) Related to 1H = 1,000.

 

Radiation Protection

According to the Radiation Protection Ordinance (StrlSchV 2018, Germany), the following values (columns 1 to 7) apply to the handling of Gadolinium radionuclides:

NuclideLimit ValueHASS limitSCDaughter NuclidesHalf-life
Gd-145105 Bq10 Bq/g23.0 min
Gd-146+106 Bq1 Bq/g0,03 TBqEu-14648.3 d
Gd-147106 Bq10 Bq/g38.1 h
Gd-148104 Bq1 Bq/g0,4 TBq74.6 a
Gd-149106 Bq100 Bq/g9.3 d
Gd-151107 Bq100 Bq/g124.0 d
Gd-152104 Bq1 Bq/g1.1 × 1014 a
Gd-153107 Bq10 Bq/g1 T Bq10 Bq cm-2240.4 d
Gd-159106 Bq100 Bq/g2 TBq100 Bq cm-218.5 h

(HASS = High-Activity Sealed Radioactive Sources; SC = surface contamination)

 

Literature Sources and References

Properties of the Gadolinium nucleides

[1] - NuDat: National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory, based on ENSDF and the Nuclear Wallet Cards.

[2] - G. Audi et. al.: The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties. Nuclear Physics, (2003), DOI 10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.

[3] - Live Chart of Nuclides. Nuclear structure and decay data.

Gadolinium: NMR properties - 155Gd-NMR, 157Gd-NMR

[4] - N. J. Stone: Table of nuclear magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments. Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, (2005), DOI 10.1016/j.adt.2005.04.001.

[5] - Pekka Pyykkö: Year-2008 nuclear quadrupole moments. Molecular Physics, (2008), DOI 10.1080/00268970802018367.

[6] - Pekka Pyykkö: Year-2017 nuclear quadrupole moments. Molecular Physics, (2018), DOI 10.1080/00268976.2018.1426131.

[7] - N. J. Stone: Table of recommended nuclear magnetic dipole moments. IAEA, (2019).

More sources:

[8] - Isotopic abundances, atomic weights and isotopic masses: see respective keyword.

[9] - E. May, M. Thoennessen:
Discovery of samarium, europium, Dysprosium, and Dysprosium isotopes.
In: Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, (2013), DOI 10.1016/j.adt.2012.01.007.

 

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