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Isotopes of Gallium

List, data and properties of all known isotopes of Gallium.

Content
Atomic properties
Decay properties
NMR active nuclides
Radiation protection
References
Gallium isotopes

All atomic nuclei of the chemical element gallium are summarized under gallium isotopes; these consist of an atomic nucleus with 31 protons and in the uncharged state of 31 electrons. The difference between the individual gallium isotopes lies in the number of neutrons in the nucleus.

 

Naturally Occurring Gallium Isotopes

Natural occurrences of the basic chemical gallium are composed of the stable isotopes Ga-69 and Ga-61. In addition, 26 radioisotopes are known.

The following table provides information about the natural isotopic composition of gallium:

Atomic Mass maQuantityHalf-lifeSpin
Gallium
Isotopic mixture		69,723 u100 %
Isotope 69Ga68,925574(8) u60,108(50) %stable3/2-
Isotope 71Ga70,924703(6) u39,892(50) %stable3/2-

 

The radioactive gallium nuclides Ga-67 and in particular Ga-68 are used in nuclear medicine as radiodiagnostics: PET diagnostics (positron emission tomography), peptide diagnostics. Gallium-68 is currently of particular interest to research, since it can be produced inexpensively from the stable gallium-69 by proton irradiation without a cyclotron.

 

Isotope Table: Gallium

The two following tables list the most important data and properties of the Gallium isotopes. Further information on the individual Gallium isotopes is listed on separate pages and can be accessed via the link in column 1.

 

Atomic Properties

Isotope
Nuclide		ENAtomic Mass
[Nuclear Mass]
{Mass Excess}		Spin I
(h/2π)		Parent
123456
Gallium-585831Ga27
Gallium-595931Ga2858.96376(18) u
[58.9467546 u]
{-33.75734 MeV}		3/2-~
Gallium-606031Ga2959.95750(21) u
[59.9404946 u]
{-39.58849 MeV}		(2+)
Gallium-616131Ga3060.94940(40) u
[60.9323946 u]
{-47.1336 MeV}		3/2-61Ge
Gallium-626231Ga3161.9441898(7) u
[61.9271844 u]
{-51.98687 MeV}		0+
Gallium-636331Ga3262.9392942(14) u
[62.9222888 u]
{-56.54709 MeV}		3/2-
Gallium-646431Ga3363.9368404(15) u
[63.919835 u]
{-58.83279 MeV}		0+64Ge
Gallium-64m64m31Ga3363.9368404(15) u
[63.919835 u]
{-58.83279 MeV}		(2+)
Gallium-656531Ga3464.9327344(9) u
[64.915729 u]
{-62.6575 MeV}		3/2-65Ge
Gallium-666631Ga3565.9315898(12) u
[65.9145844 u]
{-63.72369 MeV}		0+66Ge
Gallium-676731Ga3666.9282023(13) u
[66.9111969 u]
{-66.87913 MeV}		3/2-67Ge
Gallium-686831Ga3767.9279802(15) u
[67.9109748 u]
{-67.08601 MeV}		1+68Ge
Gallium-696931Ga3868.925574(8) u
[68.9085686 u]
{-69.32737 MeV}		3/2-69Ge
69Zn
Gallium-707031Ga3969.9260219(13) u
[69.9090165 u]
{-68.91016 MeV}		1+70Ge
70Zn
Gallium-717131Ga4070.924703(6) u
[70.9076976 u]
{-70.1387 MeV}		3/2-71Ge
71Zn
Gallium-727231Ga4171.9263674(9) u
[71.909362 u]
{-68.58833 MeV}		3-72Zn
Gallium-72m72m31Ga4171.9263674(9) u
[71.909362 u]
{-68.58833 MeV}		(0+)
Gallium-737331Ga4272.9251747(18) u
[72.9081693 u]
{-69.69932 MeV}		1/2-73Zn
Gallium-73m73m31Ga4272.9251747(18) u
[72.9081693 u]
{-69.69932 MeV}		3/2-
Gallium-747431Ga4373.926946(3) u
[73.9099406 u]
{-68.04936 MeV}		(3-)74Zn
Gallium-74m74m31Ga4373.926946(3) u
[73.9099406 u]
{-68.04936 MeV}		(0+)
Gallium-757531Ga4474.9265002(26) u
[74.9094948 u]
{-68.46462 MeV}		3/2-75Zn
Gallium-767631Ga4575.9288276(21) u
[75.9118222 u]
{-66.29666 MeV}		(2+,3+)76Zn
Gallium-777731Ga4676.9291543(26) u
[76.9121489 u]
{-65.99234 MeV}		3/2(-)77Zn
Gallium-787831Ga4777.9316088(20) u
[77.9146034 u]
{-63.70599 MeV}		(3+)78Zn
79Zn
Gallium-78m78m31Ga4777.9316088(20) u
[77.9146034 u]
{-63.70599 MeV}
Gallium-797931Ga4878.9328523(20) u
[78.9158469 u]
{-62.54768 MeV}		(3/2)-79Zn
80Zn
Gallium-808031Ga4979.936421(3) u
[79.9194156 u]
{-59.22346 MeV}		6(-)80Zn
81Zn
Gallium-80m80m31Ga4979.936421(3) u
[79.9194156 u]
{-59.22346 MeV}		3(-)
Gallium-818131Ga5080.938134(4) u
[80.9211286 u]
{-57.62781 MeV}		(5/2-)
Gallium-828231Ga5181.9431765(26) u
[81.9261711 u]
{-52.93075 MeV}		(2-)
Gallium-838331Ga5282.9471203(28) u
[82.9301149 u]
{-49.25712 MeV}
Gallium-848431Ga5383.95267(21) u
[83.9356646 u]
{-44.08761 MeV}		(0-)
Gallium-84m84m31Ga5383.95267(21) u
[83.9356646 u]
{-44.08761 MeV}		(3-,4-)
Gallium-858531Ga5484.957330(40) u
[84.9403246 u]
{-39.74685 MeV}		(5/2-)
Gallium-868631Ga5585.96341(43) u
[85.9464046 u]
{-34.08337 MeV}
Gallium-878731Ga5686.96860(54) u
[86.9515946 u]
{-29.24891 MeV}

 

Radioactive Decay Properties

IsotopeRadioactive DecayExtern
Half-lifeDecay ModeProbabilityEnergy
789101112
Ga-58AL
Ga-5943 nsp → 58Zn?AL
Ga-6070(13) msEC/β+ → 60Zn
β+, p → 59Cu
β+, α → 56Ni		98.4(7) %
1.6(7) %
0.023(20) %		14.58(29) MeV

AL
Ga-61167(3) msEC/β+ → 61Zn
EC, p → 60Cu		> 99.75 %
< 0.25 %		9.21(4) MeV
AL
Ga-62116.121(21) msEC/β+ → 62Zn
ε, p → 61Cu		100 %
?		9.1811(9) MeV
AL
Ga-6332.4(5) sEC/β+ → 63Zn100 %5.6663(20) MeVAL
Ga-642.627(12) minEC/β+ → 64Zn100 %7.1712(16) MeVAL
Ga-64m21.9(7) μs
Ga-6515.2(2) minEC/β+ → 65Zn100 %3.2545(10) MeVAL
Ga-669.49(3) hEC/β+ → 66Zn100 %5.1755(13) MeVAL
Ga-673.2617(5) dEC → 67Zn100 %1.0012(14) MeVAL
Ga-6867.71(8) minEC/β+ → 68Zn100 %2.9211(16) MeVAL
Ga-69stableAL
Ga-7021.14(3) minEC → 70Zn
β- → 70Ge		0.41(5) %
99.59(5) %		0.6546(23) MeV
1.6517(15) MeV		AL
Ga-71stableAL
Ga-7214.10(2) hβ- → 72Ge100 %3.9976(8) MeVAL
Ga-72m39.68(13) ms
Ga-734.86(3) hβ- → 73Ge100 %1.5982(17) MeVAL
Ga-73m200 msβ- → 73Ge
Iso → 73Ga		?
?
Ga-748.12(12) minβ- → 74Ge100 %5.373(3) MeVAL
Ga-74m9.5(10) sIso → 74Ga
β- → 74Ge		75(25) %
25(25) %
AL
Ga-75126(2) sβ- → 75Ge100 %3.3924(24) MeVAL
Ga-7632.6(6) sβ- → 76Ge100 %6.9162(20) MeVAL
Ga-7713.2(2) sβ- → 77Ge100 %5.2205(25) MeVAL
Ga-785.09(5) sβ- → 78Ge100 %8.156(4) MeVAL
Ga-78m500 nsIso → 78Ga~100 %
Ga-792.848(3) sβ- → 79Ge
β-, n → 78Ge		99.911 %
0.089(19) %		6.98(4) MeV
1.243(4) MeV		AL
Ga-801.9(1) sβ- → 80Ge
β-, n → 79Ge		99.14 %
0.86(7) %		10.312(4) MeV
2.23(4) MeV		AL
Ga-80m1.3(2) sβ- 80Ge
β-, n 79Ge
Iso → 80Ga		100 %
?
?
Ga-811.217(5) sβ- → 81Ge
β-, n → 80Ge		88.1 %
11.9(7) %		8.664(4) MeV
3.836(4) MeV		AL
Ga-82600(2) msβ- → 82Ge
β-, n → 81Ge		78.8 %
22.2(20) %		12.484(3) MeV
5.290(3) MeV		AL
Ga-83308.1(10) msβ- → 83Ge
β-, n → 82Ge		37.2 %
62.8(25) %		11.719(4) MeV
8.087(3) MeV		AL
Ga-8485(10) msβ- → 84Ge
β-, n → 83Ge		30 %
70(15) %		14.06(20) MeV
8.82(20) MeV		AL
Ga-84m85(10) msβ- → 84Ge
β-, n → 83Ge		100 %
?
Ga-8592(4) msβ- → 85Ge
β-, n → 84Ge		< 65 %
> 35 %		13.380(40) MeV
10.333(37) MeV		AL
Ga-8643 msβ- → 86Ge
β-, n → 85Ge
β-,2 n → 84Ge		20 %
60 %
20 %		15.32(59 MeV
10.97(40) MeV
AL
Ga-87634 nsβ- → 87Ge
β-, n → 86Ge
β-, 2n → 85Ge		100 %
?
?		14.83(58) MeV
12.08(66) MeV
AL

 

Notes (related to the columns):

1 - name of the nuclide, isotope.
2 - E: isotope symbol with mass number (superscript; number of nucleons) and Atomic number (subscript; number of protons).
3 - N: number of neutrons.
4 - relative atomic mass of the Gallium isotope (isotopic mass including electrons) and the mass of the atomic nucleus in square brackets (nuclear mass, nuclide mass without electrons), each related to 12C = 12.00000 [2]. In addition, the mass excess is given in MeV.
5 - nuclear spin I, unit: h/2π.
6 - source nuclides: Possible, assumed or actual source nuclides (mother nuclides, parent nuclides). If applicable, the corresponding decay modes can be found in the data for the respective starting nuclide.

7 - isotope notation in short form.
8 - decay: half-live of the Gallium isotope (a = years; ; d = days; h = hours; min = minutes; s = seconds).
9 - decay mode: type of decay into the respective daughter nuclides with n = neutron emission; p = proton emission; α = alpha decay; β- = beta minus decay with electron emission; EC = electron capture; β+ = positron emission; ε = β+ and/or EC; Iso = isomeric transition; CD = cluster decay; SF = spontaneous decay.
10 - decay probability in percent (%).
11 - decay energy; Particle energy related to decay type.
12 - other information and notes: AL = Adopted Levels (link to external data [1]).

Miscellaneous:

()- Numbers in brackets: uncertainty to represent the spread of the reported value.
~ - Theoretical values or systematic trends.
  - unlisted-: Nuclides that have already been mentioned in the literature but for some reason can no longer be found in the current nuclide tables because their discovery e.g. has not confirmed.

 

NMR active Gallium nuclides

Nuclide
quantity 1)
spin		Nuclear
magnetic
moment
μ/μN		Gyromagnetic ratio
{Quadrupole moment}		Resonant
frequency
v0 bei 1 T		Relative
sensitivity
H0 = const.
v0 = const. 3)
69Ga
60,108(50) %
3/2-		+2,01502(6)6,4389
{+0,171(2)}		10,24780,06971
1,2035
71Ga
39,892(50) %
3/2-		+2,56033(9)8,1812
{+ 0,107(1)}		13,02080,14300
1,5291

1) Quantity Percentage of natural occurrence.

2) Gyromagnetic ratio: 107 rad T-1 s-1
    Quadrupole moment: Q [barn] = [100 fm2]

3) Related to 1H = 1,000.

 

Radiation Protection

According to the Radiation Protection Ordinance (StrlSchV 2018, Germany), the following values (columns 1 to 7) apply to the handling of Gallium radionuclides:

NuclideLimit ValueHASS limitSCDaughter NuclidesHalf-life
Ga-65105 Bq10 Bq/g15.2 min
Ga-66105 Bq10 Bq/g9.5 h
Ga-67106 Bq100 Bq/g0,5 TBq3.3 d
Ga-68105 Bq10 Bq/g0,07 TBq67.7 min
Ga-70106 Bq1000 Bq/g21.1 min
Ga-72105 Bq10 Bq/g0,03 TBq1 Bq cm-214.1 h
Ga-73+106 Bq100 Bq/g4.9 h

(HASS = High-Activity Sealed Radioactive Sources; SC = surface contamination)

 

Literature Sources and References

Properties of the Gallium nucleides

[1] - NuDat: National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory, based on ENSDF and the Nuclear Wallet Cards.

[2] - G. Audi et. al.: The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties. Nuclear Physics, (2003), DOI 10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.

[3] - Live Chart of Nuclides. Nuclear structure and decay data.

Gallium: NMR properties - 69Ga-NMR, 71Ga-NMR

[4] - N. J. Stone: Table of nuclear magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments. Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, (2005), DOI 10.1016/j.adt.2005.04.001.

[5] - Pekka Pyykkö: Year-2008 nuclear quadrupole moments. Molecular Physics, (2008), DOI 10.1080/00268970802018367.

[6] - Pekka Pyykkö: Year-2017 nuclear quadrupole moments. Molecular Physics, (2018), DOI 10.1080/00268976.2018.1426131.

[7] - N. J. Stone: Table of recommended nuclear magnetic dipole moments. IAEA, (2019).

More sources:

[8] - Isotopic abundances, atomic weights and isotopic masses: see respective keyword.

[9] - Johannes Notni:
Mit Gallium-68 in ein neues Zeitalter?.
In: Nachrichten aus der Chemie, (2012), DOI 10.1002/nadc.201290233.

[10] - J. L. Gross, M. Thoennessen:
Discovery of gallium, germanium, lutetium, and hafnium isotopes.
In: Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, (2012), DOI 10.1016/j.adt.2011.09.004.

 

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