All atomic nuclei of the chemical element gallium are summarized under gallium isotopes; these consist of an atomic nucleus with 31 protons and in the uncharged state of 31 electrons. The difference between the individual gallium isotopes lies in the number of neutrons in the nucleus.
Natural occurrences of the basic chemical gallium are composed of the stable isotopes Ga-69 and Ga-61. In addition, 26 radioisotopes are known.
The following table provides information about the natural isotopic composition of gallium:
| Atomic Mass ma | Quantity | Half-life | Spin | |
| Gallium Isotopic mixture | 69,723 u | 100 % | ||
| Isotope 69Ga | 68,925574(8) u | 60,108(50) % | stable | 3/2- |
| Isotope 71Ga | 70,924703(6) u | 39,892(50) % | stable | 3/2- |
The radioactive gallium nuclides Ga-67 and in particular Ga-68 are used in nuclear medicine as radiodiagnostics: PET diagnostics (positron emission tomography), peptide diagnostics. Gallium-68 is currently of particular interest to research, since it can be produced inexpensively from the stable gallium-69 by proton irradiation without a cyclotron.
| Isotope Nuclide | E | N | Atomic Mass [Nuclear Mass] {Mass Excess} | Spin I (h/2π) | Parent |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Gallium-58 | 5831Ga | 27 | |||
| Gallium-59 | 5931Ga | 28 | 58.96376(18) u [58.9467546 u] {-33.75734 MeV} | 3/2-~ | |
| Gallium-60 | 6031Ga | 29 | 59.95750(21) u [59.9404946 u] {-39.58849 MeV} | (2+) | |
| Gallium-61 | 6131Ga | 30 | 60.94940(40) u [60.9323946 u] {-47.1336 MeV} | 3/2- | 61Ge |
| Gallium-62 | 6231Ga | 31 | 61.9441898(7) u [61.9271844 u] {-51.98687 MeV} | 0+ | |
| Gallium-63 | 6331Ga | 32 | 62.9392942(14) u [62.9222888 u] {-56.54709 MeV} | 3/2- | |
| Gallium-64 | 6431Ga | 33 | 63.9368404(15) u [63.919835 u] {-58.83279 MeV} | 0+ | 64Ge |
| Gallium-64m | 64m31Ga | 33 | 63.9368404(15) u [63.919835 u] {-58.83279 MeV} | (2+) | |
| Gallium-65 | 6531Ga | 34 | 64.9327344(9) u [64.915729 u] {-62.6575 MeV} | 3/2- | 65Ge |
| Gallium-66 | 6631Ga | 35 | 65.9315898(12) u [65.9145844 u] {-63.72369 MeV} | 0+ | 66Ge |
| Gallium-67 | 6731Ga | 36 | 66.9282023(13) u [66.9111969 u] {-66.87913 MeV} | 3/2- | 67Ge |
| Gallium-68 | 6831Ga | 37 | 67.9279802(15) u [67.9109748 u] {-67.08601 MeV} | 1+ | 68Ge |
| Gallium-69 | 6931Ga | 38 | 68.925574(8) u [68.9085686 u] {-69.32737 MeV} | 3/2- | 69Ge 69Zn |
| Gallium-70 | 7031Ga | 39 | 69.9260219(13) u [69.9090165 u] {-68.91016 MeV} | 1+ | 70Ge 70Zn |
| Gallium-71 | 7131Ga | 40 | 70.924703(6) u [70.9076976 u] {-70.1387 MeV} | 3/2- | 71Ge 71Zn |
| Gallium-72 | 7231Ga | 41 | 71.9263674(9) u [71.909362 u] {-68.58833 MeV} | 3- | 72Zn |
| Gallium-72m | 72m31Ga | 41 | 71.9263674(9) u [71.909362 u] {-68.58833 MeV} | (0+) | |
| Gallium-73 | 7331Ga | 42 | 72.9251747(18) u [72.9081693 u] {-69.69932 MeV} | 1/2- | 73Zn |
| Gallium-73m | 73m31Ga | 42 | 72.9251747(18) u [72.9081693 u] {-69.69932 MeV} | 3/2- | |
| Gallium-74 | 7431Ga | 43 | 73.926946(3) u [73.9099406 u] {-68.04936 MeV} | (3-) | 74Zn |
| Gallium-74m | 74m31Ga | 43 | 73.926946(3) u [73.9099406 u] {-68.04936 MeV} | (0+) | |
| Gallium-75 | 7531Ga | 44 | 74.9265002(26) u [74.9094948 u] {-68.46462 MeV} | 3/2- | 75Zn |
| Gallium-76 | 7631Ga | 45 | 75.9288276(21) u [75.9118222 u] {-66.29666 MeV} | (2+,3+) | 76Zn |
| Gallium-77 | 7731Ga | 46 | 76.9291543(26) u [76.9121489 u] {-65.99234 MeV} | 3/2(-) | 77Zn |
| Gallium-78 | 7831Ga | 47 | 77.9316088(20) u [77.9146034 u] {-63.70599 MeV} | (3+) | 78Zn 79Zn |
| Gallium-78m | 78m31Ga | 47 | 77.9316088(20) u [77.9146034 u] {-63.70599 MeV} | ||
| Gallium-79 | 7931Ga | 48 | 78.9328523(20) u [78.9158469 u] {-62.54768 MeV} | (3/2)- | 79Zn 80Zn |
| Gallium-80 | 8031Ga | 49 | 79.936421(3) u [79.9194156 u] {-59.22346 MeV} | 6(-) | 80Zn 81Zn |
| Gallium-80m | 80m31Ga | 49 | 79.936421(3) u [79.9194156 u] {-59.22346 MeV} | 3(-) | |
| Gallium-81 | 8131Ga | 50 | 80.938134(4) u [80.9211286 u] {-57.62781 MeV} | (5/2-) | |
| Gallium-82 | 8231Ga | 51 | 81.9431765(26) u [81.9261711 u] {-52.93075 MeV} | (2-) | |
| Gallium-83 | 8331Ga | 52 | 82.9471203(28) u [82.9301149 u] {-49.25712 MeV} | ||
| Gallium-84 | 8431Ga | 53 | 83.95267(21) u [83.9356646 u] {-44.08761 MeV} | (0-) | |
| Gallium-84m | 84m31Ga | 53 | 83.95267(21) u [83.9356646 u] {-44.08761 MeV} | (3-,4-) | |
| Gallium-85 | 8531Ga | 54 | 84.957330(40) u [84.9403246 u] {-39.74685 MeV} | (5/2-) | |
| Gallium-86 | 8631Ga | 55 | 85.96341(43) u [85.9464046 u] {-34.08337 MeV} | ||
| Gallium-87 | 8731Ga | 56 | 86.96860(54) u [86.9515946 u] {-29.24891 MeV} |
| Isotope | Radioactive Decay | Extern | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Half-life | Decay Mode | Probability | Energy | ||
| 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
| Ga-58 | AL | ||||
| Ga-59 | 43 ns | p → 58Zn | ? | AL | |
| Ga-60 | 70(13) ms | EC/β+ → 60Zn β+, p → 59Cu β+, α → 56Ni | 98.4(7) % 1.6(7) % 0.023(20) % | 14.58(29) MeV | AL |
| Ga-61 | 167(3) ms | EC/β+ → 61Zn EC, p → 60Cu | > 99.75 % < 0.25 % | 9.21(4) MeV | AL |
| Ga-62 | 116.121(21) ms | EC/β+ → 62Zn ε, p → 61Cu | 100 % ? | 9.1811(9) MeV | AL |
| Ga-63 | 32.4(5) s | EC/β+ → 63Zn | 100 % | 5.6663(20) MeV | AL |
| Ga-64 | 2.627(12) min | EC/β+ → 64Zn | 100 % | 7.1712(16) MeV | AL |
| Ga-64m | 21.9(7) μs | ||||
| Ga-65 | 15.2(2) min | EC/β+ → 65Zn | 100 % | 3.2545(10) MeV | AL |
| Ga-66 | 9.49(3) h | EC/β+ → 66Zn | 100 % | 5.1755(13) MeV | AL |
| Ga-67 | 3.2617(5) d | EC → 67Zn | 100 % | 1.0012(14) MeV | AL |
| Ga-68 | 67.783(27) min | EC/β+ → 68Zn | 100 % | 2.9211(16) MeV | AL |
| Ga-69 | stable | AL | |||
| Ga-70 | 21.14(3) min | EC → 70Zn β- → 70Ge | 0.41(5) % 99.59(5) % | 0.6546(23) MeV 1.6517(15) MeV | AL |
| Ga-71 | stable | AL | |||
| Ga-72 | 14.10(2) h | β- → 72Ge | 100 % | 3.9976(8) MeV | AL |
| Ga-72m | 39.68(13) ms | ||||
| Ga-73 | 4.86(3) h | β- → 73Ge | 100 % | 1.5982(17) MeV | AL |
| Ga-73m | 200 ms | β- → 73Ge Iso → 73Ga | ? ? | ||
| Ga-74 | 8.12(12) min | β- → 74Ge | 100 % | 5.373(3) MeV | AL |
| Ga-74m | 9.5(10) s | Iso → 74Ga β- → 74Ge | 75(25) % 25(25) % | AL | |
| Ga-75 | 126(2) s | β- → 75Ge | 100 % | 3.3924(24) MeV | AL |
| Ga-76 | 32.6(6) s | β- → 76Ge | 100 % | 6.9162(20) MeV | AL |
| Ga-77 | 13.2(2) s | β- → 77Ge | 100 % | 5.2205(25) MeV | AL |
| Ga-78 | 5.09(5) s | β- → 78Ge | 100 % | 8.156(4) MeV | AL |
| Ga-78m | 500 ns | Iso → 78Ga | ~100 % | ||
| Ga-79 | 2.848(3) s | β- → 79Ge β-, n → 78Ge | 99.911 % 0.089(19) % | 6.98(4) MeV 1.243(4) MeV | AL |
| Ga-80 | 1.9(1) s | β- → 80Ge β-, n → 79Ge | 99.14 % 0.86(7) % | 10.312(4) MeV 2.23(4) MeV | AL |
| Ga-80m | 1.3(2) s | β- 80Ge β-, n 79Ge Iso → 80Ga | 100 % ? ? | ||
| Ga-81 | 1.217(5) s | β- → 81Ge β-, n → 80Ge | 88.1 % 11.9(7) % | 8.664(4) MeV 3.836(4) MeV | AL |
| Ga-82 | 600(2) ms | β- → 82Ge β-, n → 81Ge | 78.8 % 22.2(20) % | 12.484(3) MeV 5.290(3) MeV | AL |
| Ga-83 | 308.1(10) ms | β- → 83Ge β-, n → 82Ge | 37.2 % 62.8(25) % | 11.719(4) MeV 8.087(3) MeV | AL |
| Ga-84 | 85(10) ms | β- → 84Ge β-, n → 83Ge | 30 % 70(15) % | 14.06(20) MeV 8.82(20) MeV | AL |
| Ga-84m | 85(10) ms | β- → 84Ge β-, n → 83Ge | 100 % ? | ||
| Ga-85 | 92(4) ms | β- → 85Ge β-, n → 84Ge | < 65 % > 35 % | 13.380(40) MeV 10.333(37) MeV | AL |
| Ga-86 | 43 ms | β- → 86Ge β-, n → 85Ge β-,2 n → 84Ge | 20 % 60 % 20 % | 15.32(59 MeV 10.97(40) MeV | AL |
| Ga-87 | 634 ns | β- → 87Ge β-, n → 86Ge β-, 2n → 85Ge | 100 % ? ? | 14.83(58) MeV 12.08(66) MeV | AL |
Notes (related to the columns):
1 - name of the nuclide, isotope.
2 - E: isotope symbol with mass number (superscript; number of nucleons) and Atomic number (subscript; number of protons).
3 - N: number of neutrons.
4 - relative atomic mass of the Gallium isotope (isotopic mass including electrons) and the mass of the atomic nucleus in square brackets (nuclear mass, nuclide mass without electrons), each related to 12C = 12.00000 [2]. In addition, the mass excess is given in MeV.
5 - nuclear spin I, unit: h/2π.
6 - source nuclides: Possible, assumed or actual source nuclides (mother nuclides, parent nuclides). If applicable, the corresponding decay modes can be found in the data for the respective starting nuclide.
7 - isotope notation in short form.
8 - decay: half-live of the Gallium isotope (a = years; ; d = days; h = hours; min = minutes; s = seconds).
9 - decay mode: type of decay into the respective daughter nuclides with n = neutron emission; p = proton emission; α = alpha decay; β- = beta minus decay with electron emission; EC = electron capture; β+ = positron emission; ε = β+ and/or EC; Iso = isomeric transition; CD = cluster decay; SF = spontaneous decay.
10 - decay probability in percent (%).
11 - decay energy; Particle energy related to decay type.
12 - other information and notes: AL = Adopted Levels (link to external data [1]).
Miscellaneous:
()- Numbers in brackets: uncertainty to represent the spread of the reported value.
~ - Theoretical values or systematic trends.
- unlisted-: Nuclides that have already been mentioned in the literature but for some reason can no longer be found in the current nuclide tables because their discovery e.g. has not confirmed.
| Nuclide quantity 1) spin | Nuclear magnetic moment μ/μN | Gyromagnetic ratio {Quadrupole moment} | Resonant frequency v0 bei 1 T | Relative sensitivity H0 = const. v0 = const. 3) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 69Ga 60,108(50) % 3/2- | +2,01502(6) | 6,4389 {+0,171(2)} | 10,2478 | 0,06971 1,2035 |
| 71Ga 39,892(50) % 3/2- | +2,56033(9) | 8,1812 {+ 0,107(1)} | 13,0208 | 0,14300 1,5291 |
1) Quantity Percentage of natural occurrence.
2) Gyromagnetic ratio: 107 rad T-1 s-1
Quadrupole moment: Q [barn] = [100 fm2]
3) Related to 1H = 1,000.
According to the Radiation Protection Ordinance (StrlSchV 2018, Germany), the following values (columns 1 to 7) apply to the handling of Gallium radionuclides:
| Nuclide | Limit Value | HASS limit | SC | Daughter Nuclides | Half-life | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ga-65 | 105 Bq | 10 Bq/g | 15.2 min | |||
| Ga-66 | 105 Bq | 10 Bq/g | 9.5 h | |||
| Ga-67 | 106 Bq | 100 Bq/g | 0,5 TBq | 3.3 d | ||
| Ga-68 | 105 Bq | 10 Bq/g | 0,07 TBq | 67.7 min | ||
| Ga-70 | 106 Bq | 1000 Bq/g | 21.1 min | |||
| Ga-72 | 105 Bq | 10 Bq/g | 0,03 TBq | 1 Bq cm-2 | 14.1 h | |
| Ga-73+ | 106 Bq | 100 Bq/g | 4.9 h | |||
(HASS = High-Activity Sealed Radioactive Sources; SC = surface contamination)
Properties of the Gallium nucleides
[1] - NuDat: National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory, based on ENSDF and the Nuclear Wallet Cards.
[2] - G. Audi et. al.: The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties. Nuclear Physics, (2003), DOI 10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
[3] - Live Chart of Nuclides. Nuclear structure and decay data.
Gallium: NMR properties - 69Ga-NMR, 71Ga-NMR
[4] - N. J. Stone: Table of nuclear magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments. Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, (2005), DOI 10.1016/j.adt.2005.04.001.
[5] - Pekka Pyykkö: Year-2008 nuclear quadrupole moments. Molecular Physics, (2008), DOI 10.1080/00268970802018367.
[6] - Pekka Pyykkö: Year-2017 nuclear quadrupole moments. Molecular Physics, (2018), DOI 10.1080/00268976.2018.1426131.
[7] - N. J. Stone: Table of recommended nuclear magnetic dipole moments. IAEA, (2019).
More sources:
[8] - Isotopic abundances, atomic weights and isotopic masses: see respective keyword.
[9] - Johannes Notni:
Mit Gallium-68 in ein neues Zeitalter?.
In: Nachrichten aus der Chemie, (2012), DOI 10.1002/nadc.201290233.
[10] - J. L. Gross, M. Thoennessen:
Discovery of gallium, germanium, lutetium, and hafnium isotopes.
In: Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, (2012), DOI 10.1016/j.adt.2011.09.004.
Last update: 2022-12-12
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