More Chemistry
All atomic nuclei of the chemical element germanium are summarized under germanium isotopes; these consist of an atomic nucleus with 32 protons and in the uncharged state of 32 electrons. The difference between the individual germanium isotopes lies in the number of neutrons in the nucleus.
Natural occurrences of germanium are composed of the 5 isotopes Ge-70, Ge-72, Ge-73, Ge-74 and Ge-76, of which germanium-76 decays with a half-life of 130 trillion years and is therefore slightly radioactive ; all other natural germanium nuclides are considered stable.
Atomic Mass ma | Quantity | Half-life | Spin | |
Germanium Isotopic mixture | 72,630 u | 100 % | ||
Isotope 70Ge | 69,924249(6) u | 20,52(19) % | stable | 0+ |
Isotope 72Ge | 71,9220758(5) u | 27,45(15) % | stable | 0+ |
Isotope 73Ge | 72,9234590(4) u | 7,76(8) % | stable | 9/2+ |
Isotope 74Ge | 73,92117776(9) u | 36,52(12) % | stable | 0+ |
Isotope 76Ge | 75,9214027(2) u | 7,75(12) % | 1.926(94) × 1021 a | 0+ |
In addition, 27 other germanium radioisotopes could be characterized.
Isotope Nuclide | E | N | Atomic Mass [Nuclear Mass] {Mass Excess} | Spin I (h/2π) | Parent |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
Germanium-59 | 5932Ge | 27 | 58.98296(43) u [58.965406 u] {-15.87266 MeV} | 7/2- | |
Germanium-60 | 6032Ge | 28 | 59.97092(32) u [59.953366 u] {-27.08785 MeV} | 0+ | |
Germanium-61 | 6132Ge | 29 | 60.96419(32) u [60.946636 u] {-33.3568 MeV} | (3/2-) | |
Germanium-62 | 6232Ge | 30 | 61.95519(15) u [61.937636 u] {-41.74025 MeV} | 0+ | |
Germanium-63 | 6332Ge | 31 | 62.94963(4) u [62.932076 u] {-46.91935 MeV} | 3/2- | |
Germanium-64 | 6432Ge | 32 | 63.94169(4) u [63.924136 u] {-54.31542 MeV} | 0+ | |
Germanium-65 | 6532Ge | 33 | 64.9393681(23) u [64.9218141 u] {-56.47825 MeV} | 3/2- | |
Germanium-66 | 6632Ge | 34 | 65.9338621(26) u [65.9163081 u] {-61.60706 MeV} | 0+ | 66As |
Germanium-67 | 6732Ge | 35 | 66.932734(5) u [66.91518 u] {-62.65788 MeV} | 1/2- | 67As |
Germanium-67m1 | 67m132Ge | 35 | 66.932734(5) u [66.91518 u] {-62.65788 MeV} | 5/2- | |
Germanium-67m2 | 67m232Ge | 35 | 66.932734(5) u [66.91518 u] {-62.65788 MeV} | 9/2+ | |
Germanium-68 | 6832Ge | 36 | 67.9280953(20) u [67.9105413 u] {-66.9788 MeV} | 0+ | 68As |
Germanium-69 | 6932Ge | 37 | 68.9279645(14) u [68.9104105 u] {-67.10064 MeV} | 5/2- | 69As |
Germanium-69m1 | 69m132Ge | 37 | 68.9279645(14) u [68.9104105 u] {-67.10064 MeV} | 1/2- | |
Germanium-69m2 | 69m232Ge | 37 | 68.9279645(14) u [68.9104105 u] {-67.10064 MeV} | 9/2+ | |
Germanium-70 | 7032Ge | 38 | 69.924249(6) u [69.906695 u] {-70.5616 MeV} | 0+ | 70As 70Ga |
Germanium-71 | 7132Ge | 39 | 70.9249523(9) u [70.9073983 u] {-69.90648 MeV} | 1/2- | 71As |
Germanium-71m | 71m32Ge | 39 | 70.9249523(9) u [70.9073983 u] {-69.90648 MeV} | 9/2+ | |
Germanium-72 | 7232Ge | 40 | 71.9220758(5) u [71.9045218 u] {-72.58592 MeV} | 0+ | 72As 72Ga |
Germanium-72m | 72m32Ge | 40 | 71.9220758(5) u [71.9045218 u] {-72.58592 MeV} | 0+ | |
Germanium-73 | 7332Ge | 41 | 72.9234590(4) u [72.905905 u] {-71.29748 MeV} | 9/2+ | 73As 73Ga |
Germanium-73m1 | 73m132Ge | 41 | 72.9234590(4) u [72.905905 u] {-71.29748 MeV} | 5/2+ | |
Germanium-73m2 | 73m232Ge | 41 | 72.9234590(4) u [72.905905 u] {-71.29748 MeV} | 1/2- | |
Germanium-74 | 7432Ge | 42 | 73.92117776(9) u [73.9036238 u] {-73.42244 MeV} | 0+ | 74As 74Ga |
Germanium-75 | 7532Ge | 43 | 74.92285837(5) u [74.9053044 u] {-71.85697 MeV} | 1/2- | 75Ga |
Germanium-75m1 | 75m132Ge | 43 | 74.92285837(5) u [74.9053044 u] {-71.85697 MeV} | 7/2+ | |
Germanium-75m2 | 75m232Ge | 43 | 74.92285837(5) u [74.9053044 u] {-71.85697 MeV} | 5/2+ | |
Germanium-76 | 7632Ge | 44 | 75.9214027(2) u [75.9038487 u] {-73.21291 MeV} | 0+ | 76Ga |
Germanium-77 | 7732Ge | 45 | 76.92354984(6) u [76.9059959 u] {-71.21287 MeV} | 7/2+ | 77Ga |
Germanium-77m | 77m32Ge | 45 | 76.92354984(6) u [76.9059959 u] {-71.21287 MeV} | 1/2- | |
Germanium-78 | 7832Ge | 46 | 77.922853(4) u [77.905299 u] {-71.86197 MeV} | 0+ | 78Ga 79Ga |
Germanium-79 | 7932Ge | 47 | 78.92536(4) u [78.907806 u] {-69.52671 MeV} | (1/2)- | 79Ga 80Ga |
Germanium-79m | 79m32Ge | 47 | 78.92536(4) u [78.907806 u] {-69.52671 MeV} | (7/2+) | |
Germanium-80 | 8032Ge | 48 | 79.9253508(22) u [79.9077968 u] {-69.53528 MeV} | 0+ | 80Ga 81Ga |
Germanium-81 | 8132Ge | 49 | 80.9288329(22) u [80.9112789 u] {-66.29173 MeV} | (9/2+) | 81Ga 82Ga |
Germanium-81m | 81m32Ge | 49 | 80.9288329(22) u [80.9112789 u] {-66.29173 MeV} | (1/2+) | |
Germanium-82 | 8232Ge | 50 | 81.9297740(24) u [81.91222 u] {-65.4151 MeV} | 0+ | 82Ga 83Ga |
Germanium-83 | 8332Ge | 51 | 82.9345391(26) u [82.9169851 u] {-60.97644 MeV} | (5/2)+ | |
Germanium-84 | 8432Ge | 52 | 83.937575(3) u [83.920021 u] {-58.14851 MeV} | 0+ | |
Germanium-85 | 8532Ge | 53 | 84.942970(4) u [84.925416 u] {-53.1231 MeV} | (3/2+,5/2+) | |
Germanium-86 | 8632Ge | 54 | 85.94697(47) u [85.929416 u] {-49.39713 MeV} | 0+ | |
Germanium-87 | 8732Ge | 55 | 86.95268(32) u [86.935126 u] {-44.0783 MeV} | (5/2+) | |
Germanium-88 | 8832Ge | 56 | 87.95691(43) u [87.939356 u] {-40.13808 MeV} | 0+ | |
Germanium-89 | 8932Ge | 57 | 88.96379(43) u [88.946236 u] {-33.7294 MeV} | 3/2+ | |
Germanium-90 | 9032Ge | 58 | 89.96863(54) u [89.951076 u] {-29.22097 MeV} | 0+ |
Isotope | Radioactive Decay | Extern | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Half-life | Decay Mode | Probability | Energy | ||
7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
Ge-59 | 13.3(17) ms | 2 p → 57Zn EC/β+ → 58Ga | < 0.2 % ? | 17.89(43) MeV | |
Ge-60 | 110 ns | EC/β+ → 60Ga EC, p 59Zn | ? ? | 12.50(36) MeV | AL |
Ge-61 | 44(6) ms | EC/β+ → 61Ga EC, p → 60Zn | < 38 % > 62 % | 13.77(30) MeV | AL |
Ge-62 | 129(35) ms | EC/β+ → 62Ga EC, p → 61Zn | ? | 10.25(14) MeV | AL |
Ge-63 | 150(9) ms | EC/β+ → 63Ga | 100 % | 9.63(40) MeV | AL |
Ge-64 | 63.7(25) s | EC/β+ → 64Ga | 100 % | 4.517(4) MeV | AL |
Ge-65 | 30.9(5) s | EC/β+ → 65Ga EC, p → 65Zn | 99.9 % 0.011(3) % | 6.1793(23) MeV | AL |
Ge-66 | 2.26(5) h | EC/β+ → 66Ga | 100 % | 2.1166(26) MeV | AL |
Ge-67 | 18.9(3) min | EC/β+ → 67Ga | 100 % | 4.221(5) MeV | AL |
Ge-67m1 | 13.7(9) μs | ||||
Ge-67m2 | 146(4) ns | ||||
Ge-68 | 270.95(13) d | EC → 68Ga | 100 % | 0.1072(24) MeV | AL |
Ge-69 | 39.05(10) h | EC/β+ → 69Ga | 100 % | 2.2271(18) MeV | AL |
Ge-69m1 | 5.1(2) μs | Iso → 69Ge | 100 % | ||
Ge-69m2 | 2.81(5) μs | Iso → 69Ge | 100 % | ||
Ge-70 | stable | AL | |||
Ge-71 | 11.43(3) d | EC → 71Ga | 100 % | 0.2326(12) MeV | AL |
Ge-71m | 20.41(18) ms | Iso → 71Ge | 100 % | AL | |
Ge-72 | stable | AL | |||
Ge-72m | 444.2(8) ns | ||||
Ge-73 | stable | AL | |||
Ge-73m1 | 0.499(11) s | AL | |||
Ge-73m2 | 499(11) ms | Iso → 73Ge | 100 % | ||
Ge-74 | stable | AL | |||
Ge-75 | 82.78(4) min | β- → 75As | 100 % | 11.772(9) MeV | AL |
Ge-75m1 | 47.7(5) s | β- → 75As Iso → 75Ge | 0.030(6) % 99.970(6) % | AL | |
Ge-75m2 | 216(5) ns | ||||
Ge-76 | 1.926(94) × 1021 a | β- β- → 76Se | AL | ||
Ge-77 | 11.211(3) h | β- → 77As | 100 % | 2.7035(17) MeV | AL |
Ge-77m | 53.7(6) s | β- → 77As Iso → 77Ge | 81(2) % 19(2) % | AL | |
Ge-78 | 88.0(10) min | β- → 78As | 100 % | 0.955(10) MeV | AL |
Ge-79 | 18.98(3) s | β- → 79As | 100 % | 4.11(4) MeV | AL |
Ge-79m | 39.0(10) s | β- → 79As Iso → 79Ge | 96(1) % 4(1) % | AL | |
Ge-80 | 29.5(4) s | β- → 80As | 100 % | 2.679(4) MeV | AL |
Ge-81 | 7.6(6) s | β- → 81As | 100 % | 6.242(3) MeV | AL |
Ge-81m | 7.6(6) s | β- → 81As | 100 % | AL | |
Ge-82 | 4.0(7) s | β- → 82As | 100 % | 4.690(4) MeV | AL |
Ge-83 | 1.85(6) s | β- → 83As β-, n → 82As | 100 % ? | 8.693(4) MeV 1.058(4) MeV | AL |
Ge-84 | 954(14) ms | β- → 84As β-, n → 83As | 89.8 % 10.2(9) % | 7.705(4) MeV 3.450(4) MeV | AL |
Ge-85 | 503(18) ms | β- → 85As β-, n → 84As β-, 2n → 83As | 83.5 % 16.5(23) % ? | 10.066(5) MeV 4.659(5) MeV | AL |
Ge-86 | 226(21) ms | β- → 86As β-, n → 85As | 55 % 45(15) % | 9.56(44) MeV 5.72(44) MeV | AL |
Ge-87 | 0.14 s | β- → 87As β-, n → 86As | 100 % ? | 11.54(30) MeV 6.81(30) MeV | AL |
Ge-88 | 300 ns | β- → 88As β-, n → 87As | ? ? | 10.58(44) MeV 7.41(40) MeV | AL |
Ge-89 | 300 ns | β- → 89As β-, n → 88As β-, 2n → 87As | ? ? ? | 13.07(50) MeV 8.92(44) MeV | AL |
Ge-90 | 635 ns | β- → 90As β-, n → 89As β-, 2n → 88As | ? ? ? | 12.11(64) MeV 9.51(58) MeV |
Notes (related to the columns):
1 - name of the nuclide, isotope.
2 - E: isotope symbol with mass number (superscript; number of nucleons) and Atomic number (subscript; number of protons).
3 - N: number of neutrons.
4 - relative atomic mass of the Germanium isotope (isotopic mass including electrons) and the mass of the atomic nucleus in square brackets (nuclear mass, nuclide mass without electrons), each related to 12C = 12.00000 [2]. In addition, the mass excess is given in MeV.
5 - nuclear spin I, unit: h/2π.
6 - source nuclides: Possible, assumed or actual source nuclides (mother nuclides, parent nuclides). If applicable, the corresponding decay modes can be found in the data for the respective starting nuclide.
7 - isotope notation in short form.
8 - decay: half-live of the Germanium isotope (a = years; ; d = days; h = hours; min = minutes; s = seconds).
9 - decay mode: type of decay into the respective daughter nuclides with n = neutron emission; p = proton emission; α = alpha decay; β- = beta minus decay with electron emission; EC = electron capture; β+ = positron emission; ε = β+ and/or EC; Iso = isomeric transition; CD = cluster decay; SF = spontaneous decay.
10 - decay probability in percent (%).
11 - decay energy; Particle energy related to decay type.
12 - other information and notes: AL = Adopted Levels (link to external data [1]).
Miscellaneous:
()- Numbers in brackets: uncertainty to represent the spread of the reported value.
~ - Theoretical values or systematic trends.
- unlisted-: Nuclides that have already been mentioned in the literature but for some reason can no longer be found in the current nuclide tables because their discovery e.g. has not confirmed.
Nuclide quantity 1) spin | Nuclear magnetic moment μ/μN | Gyromagnetic ratio {Quadrupole moment} | Resonant frequency v0 bei 1 T | Relative sensitivity H0 = const. v0 = const. 3) |
---|---|---|---|---|
73Ge 7,76(8) % 9/2+ | -0,87824(5) | 0,93660 {- 0,196} | 1,4897 | 0,00141 1,1547 |
1) Quantity Percentage of natural occurrence.
2) Gyromagnetic ratio: 107 rad T-1 s-1
Quadrupole moment: Q [barn] = [100 fm2]
3) Related to 1H = 1,000.
According to the Radiation Protection Ordinance (StrlSchV 2018, Germany), the following values (columns 1 to 7) apply to the handling of Germanium radionuclides:
Nuclide | Limit Value | HASS limit | SC | Daughter Nuclides | Half-life | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ge-66 | 106 Bq | 10 Bq/g | 2.3 h | |||
Ge-67 | 105 Bq | 10 Bq/g | 18.9 min | |||
Ge-68+ | 105 Bq | 0,1 Bq/g | 0,07 TBq | 1 Bq cm-2 | Ga-68 | 271.0 d |
Ge-69 | 106 Bq | 10 Bq/g | 39.1 h | |||
Ge-71 | 108 Bq | 10000 Bq/g | 1000 TBq | 100 Bq cm-2 | 11.4 d | |
Ge-75 | 106 Bq | 1000 Bq/g | 82.8 min | |||
Ge-77 | 105 Bq | 10 Bq/g | 0,06 TBq | 11.3 h | ||
Ge-78 | 106 Bq | 100 Bq/g | 88.0 min |
(HASS = High-Activity Sealed Radioactive Sources; SC = surface contamination)
Properties of the Germanium nucleides
[1] - NuDat: National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory, based on ENSDF and the Nuclear Wallet Cards.
[2] - G. Audi et. al.: The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties. Nuclear Physics, (2003), DOI 10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
[3] - Live Chart of Nuclides. Nuclear structure and decay data.
Germanium: NMR properties - 73Ge-NMR
[4] - N. J. Stone: Table of nuclear magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments. Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, (2005), DOI 10.1016/j.adt.2005.04.001.
[5] - Pekka Pyykkö: Year-2008 nuclear quadrupole moments. Molecular Physics, (2008), DOI 10.1080/00268970802018367.
[6] - Pekka Pyykkö: Year-2017 nuclear quadrupole moments. Molecular Physics, (2018), DOI 10.1080/00268976.2018.1426131.
[7] - N. J. Stone: Table of recommended nuclear magnetic dipole moments. IAEA, (2019).
More sources:
[8] - Isotopic abundances, atomic weights and isotopic masses: see respective keyword.
[9] - A.M. Bakalyarov, A.Ya. Balysh, S.T. Belyaev, V.I. Lebedev, S.V. Zhukov:
Results of the experiment on investigation of Germanium-76 double beta decay.
In: Experimental data of Heidelberg-Moscow collaboration November 1995 - August 2001, (2003).
[10] - J. L. Gross, M. Thoennessen:
Discovery of gallium, germanium, lutetium, and hafnium isotopes.
In: Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, (2012), DOI 10.1016/j.adt.2011.09.004.
Last update: 2022-12-12
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