More Chemistry
All atomic nuclei of the chemical element lutetium are summarized under lutetium isotopes; these consist of an atomic nucleus with 71 protons and, in the uncharged state, 71 electrons. The difference between the individual lutetium isotopes lies in the number of neutrons in the nucleus.
Natural lutetium deposits are composed of the isotopes Lu-175 (stable) and Lu-176:
Atomic Mass ma | Quantity | Half-life | Spin | |
Lutetium Isotopic mixture | 174,9668 u | 100 % | ||
Isotope 175Lu | 174,94078(2) u | 97,401(13) % | stable | 7/2+ |
Isotope 176Lu | 175,94269(2) u | 2,599(13) % | 3.76(7) × 1010 a | 7- |
All other known and characterized lutetium nuclides are unstable.
Isotope Nuclide | E | N | Atomic Mass [Nuclear Mass] {Mass Excess} | Spin I (h/2π) | Parent |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
Lutetium-149 | 14971Lu | 78 | 149 u [148.9610545 u] {0 MeV} | ||
Lutetium-150 | 15071Lu | 79 | 149.97355(32) u [149.9346045 u] {-24.63802 MeV} | (2+) | |
Lutetium-150m | 150m71Lu | 79 | 149.97355(32) u [149.9346045 u] {-24.63802 MeV} | (1-,2-) | |
Lutetium-151 | 15171Lu | 80 | 150.96768(32) u [150.9287345 u] {-30.10589 MeV} | 11/2- | |
Lutetium-151m | 151m71Lu | 80 | 150.96768(32) u [150.9287345 u] {-30.10589 MeV} | 3/2+ | |
Lutetium-152 | 15271Lu | 81 | 151.96412(21) u [151.9251745 u] {-33.422 MeV} | (4-,5-,6-) | |
Lutetium-153 | 15371Lu | 82 | 152.95881(16) u [152.9198645 u] {-38.36824 MeV} | 11/2- | 157Ta |
Lutetium-154 | 15471Lu | 83 | 153.95742(22) u [153.9184745 u] {-39.66301 MeV} | (2-) | 158Ta |
Lutetium-154m1 | 154m171Lu | 83 | 153.95736(21) u [153.9184145 u] {-39.7189 MeV} | (9+) | |
Lutetium-155 | 15571Lu | 84 | 154.954326(21) u [154.9153805 u] {-42.54506 MeV} | 11/2- | 159Ta |
Lutetium-155m1 | 155m171Lu | 84 | 154.954326(21) u [154.9153805 u] {-42.54506 MeV} | 1/2+ | |
Lutetium-155m2 | 155m271Lu | 84 | 154.954326(21) u [154.9153805 u] {-42.54506 MeV} | (25/2-) | |
Lutetium-156 | 15671Lu | 85 | 155.95309(6) u [155.9141445 u] {-43.69638 MeV} | (2)- | 160Ta |
Lutetium-156m | 156m71Lu | 85 | 155.95309(6) u [155.9141445 u] {-43.69638 MeV} | 9+ | |
Lutetium-157 | 15771Lu | 86 | 156.950144(13) u [156.9111985 u] {-46.44056 MeV} | (1/2+,3/2+) | 161Ta |
Lutetium-157m | 157m71Lu | 86 | 156.950144(13) u [156.9111985 u] {-46.44056 MeV} | (11/2-) | |
Lutetium-158 | 15871Lu | 87 | 157.949316(16) u [157.9103705 u] {-47.21184 MeV} | (2)- | |
Lutetium-159 | 15971Lu | 88 | 158.94664(4) u [158.9076945 u] {-49.70452 MeV} | 163Ta | |
Lutetium-160 | 16071Lu | 89 | 159.94603(6) u [159.9070845 u] {-50.27273 MeV} | 164Ta 160Hf | |
Lutetium-160m | 160m71Lu | 89 | 159.94603(6) u [159.9070845 u] {-50.27273 MeV} | ||
Lutetium-161 | 16171Lu | 90 | 160.94357(3) u [160.9046245 u] {-52.56421 MeV} | 1/2+ | 161Hf |
Lutetium-161m | 161m71Lu | 90 | 160.94357(3) u [160.9046245 u] {-52.56421 MeV} | (9/2-) | |
Lutetium-162 | 16271Lu | 91 | 161.94328(8) u [161.9043345 u] {-52.83434 MeV} | 1- | 162Hf |
Lutetium-162m1 | 162m171Lu | 91 | 161.94328(8) u [161.9043345 u] {-52.83434 MeV} | (4-) | |
Lutetium-162m2 | 162m271Lu | 91 | 161.94328(8) u [161.9043345 u] {-52.83434 MeV} | ||
Lutetium-163 | 16371Lu | 92 | 162.94118(3) u [162.9022345 u] {-54.79048 MeV} | 1/2(+) | 163Hf |
Lutetium-164 | 16471Lu | 93 | 163.94134(3) u [163.9023945 u] {-54.64144 MeV} | 1(-) | 164Hf |
Lutetium-165 | 16571Lu | 94 | 164.939407(28) u [164.9004615 u] {-56.44202 MeV} | 1/2+ | 165Hf |
Lutetium-166 | 16671Lu | 95 | 165.93986(3) u [165.9009145 u] {-56.02005 MeV} | 6- | 166Hf |
Lutetium-166m1 | 166m171Lu | 95 | 165.93986(3) u [165.9009145 u] {-56.02005 MeV} | 3(-) | |
Lutetium-166m2 | 166m271Lu | 95 | 165.93986(3) u [165.9009145 u] {-56.02005 MeV} | 0- | |
Lutetium-167 | 16771Lu | 96 | 166.93827(3) u [166.8993245 u] {-57.50112 MeV} | 7/2+ | 167Hf |
Lutetium-167m | 167m71Lu | 96 | 166.93827(3) u [166.8993245 u] {-57.50112 MeV} | 1/2+ | |
Lutetium-168 | 16871Lu | 97 | 167.93874(4) u [167.8997945 u] {-57.06332 MeV} | 6(-) | 168Hf |
Lutetium-168m | 168m71Lu | 97 | 167.93874(4) u [167.8997945 u] {-57.06332 MeV} | 3+ | |
Lutetium-169 | 16971Lu | 98 | 168.937644(3) u [168.8986985 u] {-58.08424 MeV} | 7/2+ | 169Hf |
Lutetium-169m | 169m71Lu | 98 | 168.937644(3) u [168.8986985 u] {-58.08424 MeV} | 1/2- | |
Lutetium-170 | 17071Lu | 99 | 169.938479(18) u [169.8995335 u] {-57.30644 MeV} | 0+ | 170Hf |
Lutetium-170m | 170m71Lu | 99 | 169.938479(18) u [169.8995335 u] {-57.30644 MeV} | (4)- | |
Lutetium-171 | 17171Lu | 100 | 170.9379187(20) u [170.8989732 u] {-57.82836 MeV} | 7/2+ | 171Hf |
Lutetium-171m | 171m71Lu | 100 | 170.9379187(20) u [170.8989732 u] {-57.82836 MeV} | 1/2- | |
Lutetium-172 | 17271Lu | 101 | 171.9390914(25) u [171.9001459 u] {-56.736 MeV} | 4- | 172Hf |
Lutetium-172m1 | 172m171Lu | 101 | 171.9390914(25) u [171.9001459 u] {-56.736 MeV} | 1- | |
Lutetium-172m2 | 172m271Lu | 101 | 171.9390914(25) u [171.9001459 u] {-56.736 MeV} | (1)+ | |
Lutetium-172m3 | 172m371Lu | 101 | 171.9390914(25) u [171.9001459 u] {-56.736 MeV} | (1)+ | |
Lutetium-172m4 | 172m471Lu | 101 | 171.9390914(25) u [171.9001459 u] {-56.736 MeV} | (6-) | |
Lutetium-173 | 17371Lu | 102 | 172.9389358(17) u [172.8999903 u] {-56.88094 MeV} | 7/2+ | 173Hf |
Lutetium-173m | 173m71Lu | 102 | 172.9389358(17) u [172.8999903 u] {-56.88094 MeV} | 5/2- | |
Lutetium-174 | 17471Lu | 103 | 173.9403429(17) u [173.9013974 u] {-55.57023 MeV} | (1)- | |
Lutetium-174m1 | 174m171Lu | 103 | 173.9403429(17) u [173.9013974 u] {-55.57023 MeV} | (6)- | |
Lutetium-174m2 | 174m271Lu | 103 | 173.9403429(17) u [173.9013974 u] {-55.57023 MeV} | (3+) | |
Lutetium-174m3 | 174m371Lu | 103 | 173.9403429(17) u [173.9013974 u] {-55.57023 MeV} | (4-) | |
Lutetium-175 | 17571Lu | 104 | 174.94078(2) u [174.9018345 u] {-55.16307 MeV} | 7/2+ | 175Hf 175Yb |
Lutetium-175m1 | 175m171Lu | 104 | 174.94078(2) u [174.9018345 u] {-55.16307 MeV} | 5/2- | |
Lutetium-175m2 | 175m271Lu | 104 | 174.94078(2) u [174.9018345 u] {-55.16307 MeV} | (19/2+) | |
Lutetium-176 | 17671Lu | 105 | 175.94269(2) u [175.9037445 u] {-53.38392 MeV} | 7- | |
Lutetium-176m | 176m71Lu | 105 | 175.94269(2) u [175.9037445 u] {-53.38392 MeV} | 1- | |
Lutetium-177 | 17771Lu | 106 | 176.9437636(13) u [176.9048181 u] {-52.38387 MeV} | 7/2+ | 177Yb |
Lutetium-177m | 177m71Lu | 106 | 176.9437636(13) u [176.9048181 u] {-52.38387 MeV} | 23/2- | |
Lutetium-177m1 | 177m171Lu | 106 | 176.9437636(13) u [176.9048181 u] {-52.38387 MeV} | 9/2- | |
Lutetium-177m2 | 177m271Lu | 106 | 176.9437636(13) u [176.9048181 u] {-52.38387 MeV} | 1/2+ | |
Lutetium-177m7 | 177m771Lu | 106 | 176.9437636(13) u [176.9048181 u] {-52.38387 MeV} | 33/2+ | |
Lutetium-177m8 | 177m871Lu | 106 | 176.9437636(13) u [176.9048181 u] {-52.38387 MeV} | 39/2- | |
Lutetium-178 | 17871Lu | 107 | 177.9459602(24) u [177.9070147 u] {-50.33775 MeV} | 1(+) | 178Yb |
Lutetium-178m | 178m71Lu | 107 | 177.9459602(24) u [177.9070147 u] {-50.33775 MeV} | (9-) | |
Lutetium-179 | 17971Lu | 108 | 178.947333(6) u [178.9083875 u] {-49.05899 MeV} | 7/2+ | 179Yb |
Lutetium-179m | 179m71Lu | 108 | 178.947333(6) u [178.9083875 u] {-49.05899 MeV} | 1/2+ | |
Lutetium-180 | 18071Lu | 109 | 179.94989(8) u [179.9109445 u] {-46.67716 MeV} | 5+ | 180Yb |
Lutetium-181 | 18171Lu | 110 | 180.95191(13) u [180.9129645 u] {-44.79555 MeV} | (7/2+) | |
Lutetium-182 | 18271Lu | 111 | 181.95504(21) u [181.9160945 u] {-41.87997 MeV} | ||
Lutetium-183 | 18371Lu | 112 | 182.95736(9) u [182.9184145 u] {-39.7189 MeV} | (7/2+) | |
Lutetium-184 | 18471Lu | 113 | 183.96091(32) u [183.9219645 u] {-36.4121 MeV} | (3+) | |
Lutetium-185 | 18571Lu | 114 | 184.96362(32) u [184.9246745 u] {-33.88775 MeV} | ||
Lutetium-186 | 18671Lu | 115 | 185.96757(43) u [185.9286245 u] {-30.20835 MeV} | ||
Lutetium-187 | 18771Lu | 116 | 186.97039(43) u [186.9314445 u] {-27.58154 MeV} | ||
Lutetium-188 | 18871Lu | 117 | 187.97446(54) u [187.9355145 u] {-23.79036 MeV} |
Isotope | Radioactive Decay | Extern | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Half-life | Decay Mode | Probability | Energy | ||
7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
Lu-149 | 450 ns | p → 148Yb | |||
Lu-150 | 0.045(3) s | p → 149Yb EC/β+ → 150Yb | 70.9(19) % 29.1(19) % | AL | |
Lu-150m | 39 μs | p → 149Yb | 100 % | ||
Lu-151 | 80.6(20) ms | p → 150Yb EC/β+ → 151Yb | 63.4(9) % 36.6(9) % | AL | |
Lu-151m | 16(1) μs | p → 150Yb | 100 % | ||
Lu-152 | 0.7(1) s | EC/β+ → 152Yb β+, p → 151Tm | 15(7) % | 12.85(25) MeV | AL |
Lu-153 | 0.9(2) s | α → 149Tm EC/β+ → 153Yb | ca. 70 % ca. 30 % | 3.08(25) MeV 8.84(25) MeV | AL |
Lu-154 | AL | ||||
Lu-154m1 | 1.12(8) s | EC/β+ → 154Yb EC, p | 100 % | ||
Lu-155 | 68(1) ms | EC/β+ → 155Yb α → 151Tm | 10(2) % 90(2) % | 7.958(25) MeV 5.8028(26) MeV | AL |
Lu-155m1 | 138(8) ms | EC/β+ → 155Yb α → 151Tm | 24(16) % 76(16) % | ||
Lu-155m2 | 2.69(3) ms | α → 151Tm | ca. 100 % | ||
Lu-156 | 494(12) ms | α → 152Tm EC/β+ → 156Yb | ca. 95 % ca. 5 % | 5.596(3) MeV 9.57(5) MeV | AL |
Lu-156m | 198(2) ms | α → 152Tm | 100 % | ||
Lu-157 | 6.8(18) s | α → 153Tm | > 0 % | 5.1079(28) MeV | AL |
Lu-157m | 4.79(12) s | α → 153Tm EC/β+ → 157Yb | 6(2) % 94(2) % | ||
Lu-158 | 10.6(3) s | α → 154Tm EC/β+ → 158Yb | 0.91(20) % 99.09(10) % | ||
Lu-159 | 12.1(10) s | EC/β+ → 159Yb α → 155Tm | ca. 100 % ~ 0.1 % | 6.13(4) MeV 4.49(4) MeV | AL |
Lu-160 | 36.1(3) s | EC/β+ → 160Yb α → 156Tm | ≥ 99.999 % ≤ 0.0001 % | 7.89(6) MeV 4.14(6) | AL |
Lu-160m | 40(1) s | EC/β+ → 160Yb α → 156Tm | ≤ 100 % ? | ||
Lu-161 | 77(2) s | EC/β+ → 161Yb | 100 % | 5.28(3) MeV | AL |
Lu-161m | 7.3(4) ms | Iso → 161Lu | ca. 100 % | ||
Lu-162 | 1.37(2) min | EC/β+ → 162Yb | ≤ 100 % | 6.99(8) MeV | AL |
Lu-162m1 | 1.5 min | EC/β+ → 162Yb | ≤ 100 % | ||
Lu-162m2 | 1.9 min | EC/β+ → 162Yb | ≤ 100 % | ||
Lu-163 | 3.97(13) min | EC/β+ → 163Yb | 100 % | 4.51(3) MeV | AL |
Lu-164 | 3.14(3) min | EC/β+ → 164Yb | 100 % | 6.38(3) MeV | AL |
Lu-165 | 10.74(10) min | EC/β+ → 165Yb | 100 % | 3.85(4) MeV | AL |
Lu-166 | 2.65(10) min | EC/β+ → 166Yb | 100 % | 5.57(3) MeV | AL |
Lu-166m1 | 1.41(10) min | EC/β+ → 166Yb Iso → 166Lu | 58(5) % 42(5) % | ||
Lu-166m2 | 2.12(10) min | EC/β+ → 166Yb Iso → 166Lu | > 80 % < 10 % | ||
Lu-167 | 51.5(10) min | EC/β+ → 167Yb | 100 % | 3.09(3) MeV | AL |
Lu-167m | 1 min | EC/β+ → 167Yb Iso → 167Lu | ? ? | ||
Lu-168 | 5.5(1) min | EC/β+ → 168Yb | 100 % | 4.51(4) MeV | AL |
Lu-168m | 6.7(4) min | EC/β+ → 168Yb Iso → 168Lu | > 99.6(4) % < 0.8 % | ||
Lu-169 | 34.06(5) h | EC/β+ → 169Yb | 100 % | 2.293(3) MeV | AL |
Lu-169m | 160(10) s | Iso → 169Lu | 100 % | ||
Lu-170 | 2.012(20) d | EC/β+ → 170Yb | 100 % | 3.458(17) MeV | AL |
Lu-170m | 0.67(10) s | Iso → 170Lu | 100 % | ||
Lu-171 | 8.247(23) d | EC/β+ → 171Yb | 100 % | 1.4784(19) MeV | AL |
Lu-171m | 79(2) s | Iso → 171Lu | 100 % | ||
Lu-172 | 6.70(3) d | EC/β+ → 172Yb | 100 % | 2.5195(23) MeV | AL |
Lu-172m1 | 3.7(5) min | Iso → 172Lu | 100 % | ||
Lu-172m2 | 0.332(20) μs | ||||
Lu-172m3 | 440(12) μs | Iso → 172Lu | 100 % | ||
Lu-172m4 | 150 ns | ||||
Lu-173 | 1.37(1) a | EC → 173Yb | 100 % | 0.6703(16) MeV | AL |
Lu-173m | 74.2(10) μs | ||||
Lu-174 | 3.31(5) a | EC/β+ → 174Yb | 100 % | 1.3743(16) MeV | AL |
Lu-174m1 | 142(2) d | Iso → 174Lu EC → 174Yb | 99.38(2) % 0.62(2) % | ||
Lu-174m2 | 395(15) ns | Iso → 174Lu | |||
Lu-174m3 | 145(3) ns | Iso → 174Lu | 100 % | ||
Lu-175 | stable | AL | |||
Lu-175m1 | 1.49(7) μs | ||||
Lu-175m2 | 984(30) μs | ||||
Lu-176 | 3.76(7) × 1010 a | β- → 176Hf | 100 % | 1.1941(9) MeV | AL |
Lu-176m | 3.664(19) h | β- → 176Hf EC → 176Yb | 99.905(16) % 0.095(16) % | ||
Lu-177 | 6.6443(9) d | β- → 177Hf | 100 % | 0.4968(8) MeV | AL |
Lu-177m | 160.4(3) d | β- → 177Hf Iso → 177Lu | 77.30(8) % 22.70(8) % | ||
Lu-177m1 | 133.1(24) ns | ||||
Lu-177m2 | 155(7) μs | ||||
Lu-177m7 | 625(62) ns | β- → 177Hf Iso → 177Lu | ≤ 100 % ? | ||
Lu-177m8 | 6(2) μs | Iso → 177Lu | 100 % | ||
Lu-178 | 28.4(2) min | β- → 178Hf | 100 % | 2.0975(21) MeV | AL |
Lu-178m | 23.1(3) min | β- → 178Hf | 100 % | ||
Lu-179 | 4.59(6) h | β- → 179Hf | 100 % | 1.404(5) MeV | AL |
Lu-179m | 3.1(9) ms | Iso → 179Lu | 100 % | ||
Lu-180 | 5.7(1) min | β- → 180Hf | 100 % | 3.10(7) MeV | AL |
Lu-181 | 3.5(3) min | β- → 181Hf | 100 % | 2.61(13) MeV | AL |
Lu-182 | 2.0(2) min | β- → 182Hf | 100 % | 4.17(20) MeV | AL |
Lu-183 | 58(4) s | β- → 183Hf | 100 % | 3.57(9) MeV | AL |
Lu-184 | 19(2) s | β- → 184Hf | 100 % | 5.09(30) MeV | AL |
Lu-185 | 160 ns | β- → 185Hf | ? | 4.43(30) MeV | |
Lu-186 | 160 ns | β- → 186Hf | ? | 6.21(40) MeV | |
Lu-187 | 160 ns | β- → 187Hf β-, n → 186Hf | ? ? | 5.24(40) MeV 0.77(40) MeV | |
Lu-188 | β- → 188Hf | ? | 7.09(58) MeV |
Notes (related to the columns):
1 - name of the nuclide, isotope.
2 - E: isotope symbol with mass number (superscript; number of nucleons) and Atomic number (subscript; number of protons).
3 - N: number of neutrons.
4 - relative atomic mass of the Lutetium isotope (isotopic mass including electrons) and the mass of the atomic nucleus in square brackets (nuclear mass, nuclide mass without electrons), each related to 12C = 12.00000 [2]. In addition, the mass excess is given in MeV.
5 - nuclear spin I, unit: h/2π.
6 - source nuclides: Possible, assumed or actual source nuclides (mother nuclides, parent nuclides). If applicable, the corresponding decay modes can be found in the data for the respective starting nuclide.
7 - isotope notation in short form.
8 - decay: half-live of the Lutetium isotope (a = years; ; d = days; h = hours; min = minutes; s = seconds).
9 - decay mode: type of decay into the respective daughter nuclides with n = neutron emission; p = proton emission; α = alpha decay; β- = beta minus decay with electron emission; EC = electron capture; β+ = positron emission; ε = β+ and/or EC; Iso = isomeric transition; CD = cluster decay; SF = spontaneous decay.
10 - decay probability in percent (%).
11 - decay energy; Particle energy related to decay type.
12 - other information and notes: AL = Adopted Levels (link to external data [1]).
Miscellaneous:
()- Numbers in brackets: uncertainty to represent the spread of the reported value.
~ - Theoretical values or systematic trends.
- unlisted-: Nuclides that have already been mentioned in the literature but for some reason can no longer be found in the current nuclide tables because their discovery e.g. has not confirmed.
Nuclide quantity 1) spin | Nuclear magnetic moment μ/μN | Gyromagnetic ratio {Quadrupole moment} | Resonant frequency v0 bei 1 T | Relative sensitivity H0 = const. v0 = const. 3) |
---|---|---|---|---|
175Lu 97,401(13) % 7/2+ | + 2,2327(11) | 3,0589 {+ 3,49(2)} | 4,8626 | 0,03128 2,3984 |
176Lu 2,599(13) % 7- | + 3,1692(45) | 4,7348 {+ 4,97(3)} | 3,451 | 0,03975 6,0518 |
1) Quantity Percentage of natural occurrence.
2) Gyromagnetic ratio: 107 rad T-1 s-1
Quadrupole moment: Q [barn] = [100 fm2]
3) Related to 1H = 1,000.
According to the Radiation Protection Ordinance (StrlSchV 2018, Germany), the following values (columns 1 to 7) apply to the handling of Lutetium radionuclides:
Nuclide | Limit Value | HASS limit | SC | Daughter Nuclides | Half-life | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lu-169+ | 106 Bq | 10 Bq/g | 1.4 d | |||
Lu-170 | 106 Bq | 10 Bq/g | 2.0 d | |||
Lu-171 | 106 Bq | 10 Bq/g | 8.3 d | |||
Lu-172 | 106 Bq | 10 Bq/g | 0,04 TBq | 6.7 d | ||
Lu-173 | 107 Bq | 1 Bq/g | 0,9 TBq | 1.3 a | ||
Lu-174 | 107 Bq | 1 Bq/g | 0,8 TBq | 3.6 a | ||
Lu-174m | 107 Bq | 10 Bq/g | 142.0 d | |||
Lu-176 | 106 Bq | 0,1 Bq/g | 4.0 × 1010 a | |||
Lu-176m | 106 Bq | 1000 Bq/g | 3.6 h | |||
Lu-177 | 107 Bq | 100 Bq/g | 2 TBq | 100 Bq cm-2 | 6.6 d | |
Lu-177m+ | 106 Bq | 0,1 Bq/g | 160.3 d | |||
Lu-178 | 105 Bq | 100 Bq/g | 28.4 min | |||
Lu-178m+ | 105 Bq | 10 Bq/g | 23.1 min | |||
Lu-179 | 106 Bq | 1000 Bq/g | 4.6 h |
(HASS = High-Activity Sealed Radioactive Sources; SC = surface contamination)
Properties of the Lutetium nucleides
[1] - NuDat: National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory, based on ENSDF and the Nuclear Wallet Cards.
[2] - G. Audi et. al.: The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties. Nuclear Physics, (2003), DOI 10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
[3] - Live Chart of Nuclides. Nuclear structure and decay data.
Lutetium: NMR properties - 175Lu-NMR, 176Lu-NMR
[4] - N. J. Stone: Table of nuclear magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments. Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, (2005), DOI 10.1016/j.adt.2005.04.001.
[5] - Pekka Pyykkö: Year-2008 nuclear quadrupole moments. Molecular Physics, (2008), DOI 10.1080/00268970802018367.
[6] - Pekka Pyykkö: Year-2017 nuclear quadrupole moments. Molecular Physics, (2018), DOI 10.1080/00268976.2018.1426131.
[7] - N. J. Stone: Table of recommended nuclear magnetic dipole moments. IAEA, (2019).
More sources:
[8] - Isotopic abundances, atomic weights and isotopic masses: see respective keyword.
[9] - Aleksei B D'yachkov et al.:
Selective photoionisation of lutetium isotopes.
In: Quantum Electronics, (2012), DOI 10.1070/QE2012v042n10ABEH014929.
[10] - J. L. Gross, M. Thoennessen:
Discovery of gallium, germanium, lutetium, and hafnium isotopes.
In: Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, (2012), DOI 10.1016/j.adt.2011.09.004.
Last update: 2022-12-12
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