All of the atomic nuclei of the chemical element nobelium are summarized under nobelium isotopes; these consist of an atomic nucleus with 102 protons and in the uncharged state of 102 electrons. The difference between the individual nobelium isotopes lies in the number of neutrons in the nucleus - and thus in the mass number.
Nobelium is an exclusively synthetically produced, highly radioactive chemical element that is not known in nature.
The first report on the production of a nobelium isotope appeared in 1957 from the Nobel Institute in Sweden, which also suggested the name; later, however, the claim to the discovery was withdrawn, citing measurement errors due to background effects.
In the years that followed, several groups from several countries reported on the synthesis of nobelium nuclides; Ultimately, the discovery (1966) was awarded to the Dubna research team in Russia.
To date, a total of 13 different nobelium isotopes have been produced, all of which are extremely short-lived; with a half-life of just under an hour, nobelium-259 is the most stable no-nuclide.
| Isotope Nuclide | E | N | Atomic Mass [Nuclear Mass] {Mass Excess} | Spin I (h/2π) | Parent |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Nobelium-250 | 250102No | 148 | 250.08756(21) u [250.0316133 u] {81.56161 MeV} | 0+ | |
| Nobelium-250m | 250m102No | 148 | 250.08756(21) u [250.0316133 u] {81.56161 MeV} | (6+) | |
| Nobelium-251 | 251102No | 149 | 251.08894(12) u [251.0329933 u] {82.84708 MeV} | (7/2+) | 255Rf |
| Nobelium-251m | 251m102No | 149 | 251.08894(12) u [251.0329933 u] {82.84708 MeV} | (1/2+) | |
| Nobelium-252 | 252102No | 150 | 252.088966(10) u [252.0330193 u] {82.8713 MeV} | 0+ | 256Rf |
| Nobelium-253 | 253102No | 151 | 253.090563(7) u [253.0346163 u] {84.35889 MeV} | (9/2-) | 257Rf |
| Nobelium-253m | 253m102No | 151 | 253.090563(7) u [253.0346163 u] {84.35889 MeV} | 5/2+ | |
| Nobelium-254 | 254102No | 152 | 254.090954(10) u [254.0350073 u] {84.72311 MeV} | 0+ | 258Rf |
| Nobelium-254m | 254m102No | 152 | 254.090954(10) u [254.0350073 u] {84.72311 MeV} | (8-) | |
| Nobelium-255 | 255102No | 153 | 255.093191(16) u [255.0372443 u] {86.80686 MeV} | (1/2+) | 259Rf |
| Nobelium-256 | 256102No | 154 | 256.094281(8) u [256.0383343 u] {87.82219 MeV} | 0+ | |
| Nobelium-257 | 257102No | 155 | 257.096884(7) u [257.0409373 u] {90.24686 MeV} | (3/2+) | 261Rf |
| Nobelium-258 | 258102No | 156 | 258.09820(11) u [258.0422533 u] {91.47271 MeV} | 0+ | 258Md |
| Nobelium-259 | 259102No | 157 | 259.100998(7) u [259.0450513 u] {94.07903 MeV} | (9/2+) | |
| Nobelium-260 | 260102No | 158 | 260.10264(21) u [260.0466933 u] {95.60854 MeV} | 0+ | |
| Nobelium-261 | 261102No | 159 | |||
| Nobelium-262 | 262102No | 160 | 262.10746(39) u [262.0515133 u] {100.09835 MeV} | 0+ |
| Isotope | Radioactive Decay | Extern | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Half-life | Decay Mode | Probability | Energy | ||
| 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
| No-250 | 4.2 μs | SF < 100 % div. α → 246Fm | > 98 % < 2 % | 8.95(20) MeV | AL |
| No-250m | 46 μs | SF div | ca. 100 % | ||
| No-251 | 0.80(1) s | EC/β+ → 251Md α → 247Fm SF div | ? 91 % < 0.3 % | 3.88(12) MeV 8.752(4) MeV | AL |
| No-251m | 1.02(3) s | α → 247Fm | ca. 100 % | AL | |
| No-252 | 2.44(4) s | SF div. α → 248Fm EC/β+ → 252Md | 32.2(5) % 66.7(6) % 1.1(4) % | 8.549(5) MeV 2.36(13) MeV | AL |
| No-253 | 1.62(15) min | EC/β+ → 253Md α → 249Fm | 45(3) % 55(3) % | 3.19(3) MeV 8.415(4) MeV | AL |
| No-253m | 31.1(21) μs | AL | |||
| No-254 | 51.2(4) s | EC → 254Md α → 250Fm SF div. | 10(1) % 90(1) % 0.17(2) % | 1.27(10) MeV 8.226(8) MeV | AL |
| No-254m | 265(2) ms | Iso → 254No SF div. α → 250Fm | ca. 100 % 0.020(12) % ≤ 0.01 % | AL | |
| No-255 | 3.52(21) min | EC/β+ → 255Md α → 251Fm | 70(5) % 30(5) % | 1.964(16) MeV 8.428(3) MeV | AL |
| No-256 | 2.91(5) s | α → 252Fm SF div. | 99.47(6) % 0.53(6) % | 8.582(5) MeV | AL |
| No-257 | 24.5(5) s | α → 253Fm EC → 257Md SF div. | 85(15) % ≤ 30 % < 1.5 % | 8.477(6) MeV 1.254(7) MeV | AL |
| No-258 | 1.2(2) ms | SF div. | ≤ 100 % | AL | |
| No-259 | 58(5) min | α → 255Fm EC/β+ → 259Md SF div. | 75(4) % 25(4) % < 10 % | 7.854(5) MeV 0.45(20) MeV | AL |
| No-260 | 106(8) ms | SF div. | 100 % | AL | |
| No-261 | - unknown - | AL | |||
| No-262 | 5 ms | SF div. | 100 % | AL | |
Notes (related to the columns):
1 - name of the nuclide, isotope.
2 - E: isotope symbol with mass number (superscript; number of nucleons) and Atomic number (subscript; number of protons).
3 - N: number of neutrons.
4 - relative atomic mass of the Nobelium isotope (isotopic mass including electrons) and the mass of the atomic nucleus in square brackets (nuclear mass, nuclide mass without electrons), each related to 12C = 12.00000 [2]. In addition, the mass excess is given in MeV.
5 - nuclear spin I, unit: h/2π.
6 - source nuclides: Possible, assumed or actual source nuclides (mother nuclides, parent nuclides). If applicable, the corresponding decay modes can be found in the data for the respective starting nuclide.
7 - isotope notation in short form.
8 - decay: half-live of the Nobelium isotope (a = years; ; d = days; h = hours; min = minutes; s = seconds).
9 - decay mode: type of decay into the respective daughter nuclides with n = neutron emission; p = proton emission; α = alpha decay; β- = beta minus decay with electron emission; EC = electron capture; β+ = positron emission; ε = β+ and/or EC; Iso = isomeric transition; CD = cluster decay; SF = spontaneous decay.
10 - decay probability in percent (%).
11 - decay energy; Particle energy related to decay type.
12 - other information and notes: AL = Adopted Levels (link to external data [1]).
Miscellaneous:
()- Numbers in brackets: uncertainty to represent the spread of the reported value.
~ - Theoretical values or systematic trends.
- unlisted-: Nuclides that have already been mentioned in the literature but for some reason can no longer be found in the current nuclide tables because their discovery e.g. has not confirmed.
Properties of the Nobelium nucleides
[1] - NuDat: National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory, based on ENSDF and the Nuclear Wallet Cards.
[2] - G. Audi et. al.: The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties. Nuclear Physics, (2003), DOI 10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
[3] - Live Chart of Nuclides. Nuclear structure and decay data.
Nobelium: NMR properties
[4] - N. J. Stone: Table of nuclear magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments. Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, (2005), DOI 10.1016/j.adt.2005.04.001.
[5] - Pekka Pyykkö: Year-2008 nuclear quadrupole moments. Molecular Physics, (2008), DOI 10.1080/00268970802018367.
[6] - Pekka Pyykkö: Year-2017 nuclear quadrupole moments. Molecular Physics, (2018), DOI 10.1080/00268976.2018.1426131.
[7] - N. J. Stone: Table of recommended nuclear magnetic dipole moments. IAEA, (2019).
More sources:
[8] - Isotopic abundances, atomic weights and isotopic masses: see respective keyword.
[9] - Mustapha Laatiaoui et al.:
Atom-at-a-time laser resonance ionization spectroscopy of nobelium.
In: Nature, (2016), DOI 10.1038/nature19345.
[10] - Mustapha Laatiaoui et al.:
Probing Sizes and Shapes of Nobelium Isotopes by Laser Spectroscopy.
In: Physical Review Letters, (2018), DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.23250.
Last update: 2022-12-13
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