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Isotopes of Rubidium

List, data and properties of all known isotopes of Rubidium.

Content
Atomic properties
Decay properties
NMR active nuclides
Radiation protection
References
Rubidium isotopes

All atomic nuclei of the chemical element rubidium are summarized under rubidium isotopes; these all consist of an atomic nucleus with 37 protons and, in the uncharged state, 37 electrons. The difference between each rubidium isotope is based on the number of neutrons in the nucleus.

 

Naturally Occurring Rubidium Isotopes

Natural terrestrial deposits of rubidium consist of the two isotopes rubidium-85 (stable) and rubidium-87 (slightly radioactive) in the ratio 2.6:1 and the atomic mass 85.4678(3) u.

Atomic Mass maQuantityHalf-lifeSpin
Rubidium
Isotopic mixture		85,4678 u100 %
Isotope 85Rb84,91178974(3) u72,17(2) %stable5/2-
Isotope 87Rb86,909180531(6) u27,83(2) %4.97(3) × 1010 a3/2-

 

The unstable natural rubidium-87 decays and emits β-rays into the stable nuclide strontium-87. The Rb-87/Sr-87 isotope ratio can be used for radiometric age determination, for example in geology (rocks, magma).

In addition to the naturally occurring isotopes, 30 other unstable rubidium nuclides have been described.

 

Isotope Table: Rubidium

The two following tables list the most important data and properties of the Rubidium isotopes. Further information on the individual Rubidium isotopes is listed on separate pages and can be accessed via the link in column 1.

 

Atomic Properties

Isotope
Nuclide		ENAtomic Mass
[Nuclear Mass]
{Mass Excess}		Spin I
(h/2π)		Parent
123456
Rubidium-717137Rb3470.96532(54) u
[70.9450233 u]
{-32.30421 MeV}		5/2-~
Rubidium-727237Rb3571.95908(54) u
[71.9387833 u]
{-38.11673 MeV}		3+~
Rubidium-737337Rb3672.95053(21) u
[72.9302333 u]
{-46.08101 MeV}		(3/2-)73Sr
Rubidium-747437Rb3773.944266(3) u
[73.9239693 u]
{-51.91589 MeV}		0+
Rubidium-757537Rb3874.9385732(13) u
[74.9182765 u]
{-57.2187 MeV}		3/2(-)
Rubidium-767637Rb3975.935073(1) u
[75.9147763 u]
{-60.47911 MeV}		1(-)76Sr
Rubidium-76m76m37Rb3975.935073(1) u
[75.9147763 u]
{-60.47911 MeV}		(4+)
Rubidium-777737Rb4076.9304016(14) u
[76.9101049 u]
{-64.83049 MeV}		3/2-77Sr
Rubidium-787837Rb4177.928142(3) u
[77.9078453 u]
{-66.9353 MeV}		0(+)
Rubidium-78m178m137Rb4177.928142(3) u
[77.9078453 u]
{-66.9353 MeV}		(1-)
Rubidium-78m278m237Rb4177.928142(3) u
[77.9078453 u]
{-66.9353 MeV}		4(-)
Rubidium-797937Rb4278.9239899(23) u
[78.9036932 u]
{-70.80295 MeV}		5/2+79Sr
Rubidium-808037Rb4379.9225164(20) u
[79.9022197 u]
{-72.17551 MeV}		1+80Sr
Rubidium-80m80m37Rb4379.9225164(20) u
[79.9022197 u]
{-72.17551 MeV}		(6+)
Rubidium-818137Rb4480.918994(5) u
[80.8986973 u]
{-75.4566 MeV}		3/2-81Sr
Rubidium-81m81m37Rb4480.918994(5) u
[80.8986973 u]
{-75.4566 MeV}		9/2+
Rubidium-828237Rb4581.918209(3) u
[81.8979123 u]
{-76.18783 MeV}		1+82Sr
Rubidium-82m82m37Rb4581.918209(3) u
[81.8979123 u]
{-76.18783 MeV}		5-
Rubidium-838337Rb4682.9151142(25) u
[82.8948175 u]
{-79.07061 MeV}		5/2-83Sr
Rubidium-83m83m37Rb4682.9151142(25) u
[82.8948175 u]
{-79.07061 MeV}		9/2+
Rubidium-848437Rb4783.9143752(24) u
[83.8940785 u]
{-79.75899 MeV}		2-
Rubidium-84m84m37Rb4783.9143752(24) u
[83.8940785 u]
{-79.75899 MeV}		6-
Rubidium-858537Rb4884.91178974(3) u
[84.8914931 u]
{-82.16733 MeV}		5/2-85Kr
85Sr
Rubidium-85m85m37Rb4884.91178974(3) u
[84.8914931 u]
{-82.16733 MeV}		9/2+
Rubidium-868637Rb4985.91116744(21) u
[85.8908708 u]
{-82.747 MeV}		2-
Rubidium-86m86m37Rb4985.91116744(21) u
[85.8908708 u]
{-82.747 MeV}		6-
Rubidium-878737Rb5086.909180531(6) u
[86.8888839 u]
{-84.59779 MeV}		3/2-87Kr
87Sr
Rubidium-888837Rb5187.91131559(17) u
[87.8910189 u]
{-82.609 MeV}		2-88Kr
Rubidium-898937Rb5288.912278(6) u
[88.8919813 u]
{-81.71252 MeV}		3/2-89Kr
Rubidium-909037Rb5389.914799(7) u
[89.8945023 u]
{-79.36422 MeV}		0-90Kr
Rubidium-90m90m37Rb5389.914799(7) u
[89.8945023 u]
{-79.36422 MeV}		3-
Rubidium-919137Rb5490.916537(8) u
[90.8962403 u]
{-77.74528 MeV}		3/2(-)91Kr
Rubidium-929237Rb5591.919728(7) u
[91.8994313 u]
{-74.77289 MeV}		0-92Kr
93Kr
Rubidium-939337Rb5692.922039(8) u
[92.9017423 u]
{-72.6202 MeV}		5/2-93Kr
94Kr
Rubidium-949437Rb5793.9263948(22) u
[93.9060981 u]
{-68.5628 MeV}		3(-)94Kr
Rubidium-959537Rb5894.929263(22) u
[94.9089663 u]
{-65.89109 MeV}		5/2-95Kr
Rubidium-969637Rb5995.934133(4) u
[95.9138363 u]
{-61.35472 MeV}		2(-)
Rubidium-979737Rb6096.9371771(21) u
[96.9168804 u]
{-58.51915 MeV}		3/2+
Rubidium-989837Rb6197.941632(17) u
[97.9213353 u]
{-54.36944 MeV}		(0,1)99Kr
Rubidium-98m98m37Rb6297.941632(17) u
[97.9213353 u]
{-54.36944 MeV}		(3,4)
Rubidium-999937Rb6298.945119(4) u
[98.9248223 u]
{-51.12132 MeV}		(3/2+)
Rubidium-10010037Rb6399.950352(21) u
[99.9300553 u]
{-46.24681 MeV}		(3+,4+)
Rubidium-10110137Rb64100.95400(21) u
[100.9337033 u]
{-42.84872 MeV}		(3/2+)
Rubidium-10210237Rb65101.95952(32) u
[101.9392233 u]
{-37.70688 MeV}
Rubidium-10310337Rb66102.96392(43) u
[102.9436233 u]
{-33.6083 MeV}

 

Radioactive Decay Properties

IsotopeRadioactive DecayExtern
Half-lifeDecay ModeProbabilityEnergy
789101112
Rb-71p → 70 KrAL
Rb-72< 1.5 μsp → 71KrAL
Rb-7381 nsEC/β+ → 73Kr
p → 72Kr		?
?		10.47(20) MeV
AL
Rb-7464.776(30) msEC/β+ → 74Kr100 %10.416(4) MeVAL
Rb-7519.0(12) sEC/β+ → 75Kr100 %7.105(8) MeVAL
Rb-7636.5(6) sEC/β+ → 76Kr
EC, α → 72Se		> 99 %
Spuren		8.535(4) MeV
AL
Rb-76m3.2(1) μs
Rb-773.78(4) minEC/β+ → 77Kr100 %5.3390(24) MeVAL
Rb-7817.66(3) minEC/β+ → 78Kr100 %7.243(3) MeVAL
Rb-78m10.91(4) μs
Rb-78m25.74(3) minEC/β+ → 78Kr
Iso → 78Rb		91(2) %
9(2) %
AL
Rb-7922.9(5) minEC/β+ → 79Kr100 %3.639(4) MeVAL
Rb-8033.4(7) sEC/β+ → 80Kr100 %5.7179(20) MeVAL
Rb-80m1.63(4) μs
Rb-814.572(4) hEC/β+ → 81Kr100 %2.23826 MeVAL
Rb-81m30.5(3) minEC/β+ → 81Kr
Iso → 81Rb		2.4(6) %
97.6(6) %
AL
Rb-821.2575(2) minEC/β+ → 82Kr100 %4.404(3) MeVAL
Rb-82m6.472(6) hEC/β+ → 82Kr
Iso → 82Rb		> 99.67 %
< 0.33 %		4.473(15) MeV
AL
Rb-8386.2(1) dEC → 83Kr100 %0.9200(23) MeVAL
Rb-83m0.3 ms
Rb-8432.82(7) dEC/β+ → 84Kr
β- → 84Sr		96.1(20) %
3.9(20) %		2.6804(22) MeV
0.8906(23) MeV		AL
Rb-84m20.26(4) minIso → 84Rb100 %AL
Rb-85stableAL
Rb-85m1.015 μsIso → 85Rb100 %
Rb-8618.642(18) dEC/β+ → 86Kr
β- → 85Sr		0.0052(5) %
99.9948(5) %		0.51867(20) MeV
1.7761(2) MeV		AL
Rb-86m1.017(3) minIso → 86Rb
β- → 85Sr		> 99.7 %
< 0.3 %
AL
Rb-874.97(3) × 1010 aβ- → 87Sr100 %0.282275(6) MeVAL
Rb-8817.773(11) minβ- → 88Sr100 %5.31262(16) MeVAL
Rb-8915.32(10) minβ- → 89Sr100 %4.497(5) MeVAL
Rb-90158(5) sβ- → 90Sr100 %6.585(6) MeVAL
Rb-90m258(4) sβ- → 90Sr
Iso → 90Rb		97.5(4) %
2.5(4) %
AL
Rb-9158.2(3) sβ- → 91Sr100 %5.907(9) MeVAL
Rb-924.48(3) sβ- → 92Sr
β-, n → 91Sr		99.98 %
0.0107(5) %		8.095(6) MeV
0.808(8) MeV		AL
Rb-935.84(2) sβ- → 93Sr
β-, n → 92Sr		98.61(7) %
1.39(7) %		7.466(9) MeV
2.1776(9) MeV		AL
Rb-942.702(5) sβ- → 94Sr
β-, n → 93Sr		89.5(4) %
10.5(4) %		10.2829(26) MeV
3.452(8) MeV		AL
Rb-95377.7(8) msβ- → 95Sr
β-, n → 94Sr		91.3(3) %
8.7(3) %		9.228(29) MeV
4.883(20) MeV		AL
Rb-96203(3) msβ- → 96Sr
β-, n → 95Sr		86.7(7) %
13.3(7) %		11.570(9) MeV
5.694(7) MeV		AL
Rb-97169.1(6) msβ- → 97Sr
β-, n → 96Sr
β-, 2n → 95Sr		74.5(9) %
25.5(9) %
?		10.062(4) MeV
6.334(9) MeV
AL
Rb-98114(5) msβ- → 98Sr
β-, n → 97Sr
β-, 2n → 96Sr		86.15 %
13.8(6) %
0.051(7) %		12.054(16) MeV
6.141(16) MeV
AL
Rb-98m96(3) msβ- → 98Sr100 %AL
Rb-9954(4) msβ- → 99Sr
β-, n → 98Sr
β-, 2n → 97Sr		81.2 %
19.8(20) %
?		11.400(6) MeV
7.131(5) MeV
AL
Rb-10051(8) msβ- → 100Sr
β-, n → 99Sr
β-, 2n → 98Sr		93.84 %
6(3) %
0.16(8) %		13.574(21) MeV
8.203(20) MeV
AL
Rb-10132(5) msβ- → 101Sr
β-, n → 100Sr		72(4) %
28(4) %		12.48(20) MeV
8.90(20) MeV		AL
Rb-10237(5) msβ- → 102Sr
β-, n → 101Sr		82(8) %
18(8) %		14.45(31) MeV
9.55(30) MeV		AL
Rb-10323 msβ- → 103Sr
β-, n → 102Sr
β-, 2n → 101Sr		13.81(45) MeV
10.48(41) MeV

 

Notes (related to the columns):

1 - name of the nuclide, isotope.
2 - E: isotope symbol with mass number (superscript; number of nucleons) and Atomic number (subscript; number of protons).
3 - N: number of neutrons.
4 - relative atomic mass of the Rubidium isotope (isotopic mass including electrons) and the mass of the atomic nucleus in square brackets (nuclear mass, nuclide mass without electrons), each related to 12C = 12.00000 [2]. In addition, the mass excess is given in MeV.
5 - nuclear spin I, unit: h/2π.
6 - source nuclides: Possible, assumed or actual source nuclides (mother nuclides, parent nuclides). If applicable, the corresponding decay modes can be found in the data for the respective starting nuclide.

7 - isotope notation in short form.
8 - decay: half-live of the Rubidium isotope (a = years; ; d = days; h = hours; min = minutes; s = seconds).
9 - decay mode: type of decay into the respective daughter nuclides with n = neutron emission; p = proton emission; α = alpha decay; β- = beta minus decay with electron emission; EC = electron capture; β+ = positron emission; ε = β+ and/or EC; Iso = isomeric transition; CD = cluster decay; SF = spontaneous decay.
10 - decay probability in percent (%).
11 - decay energy; Particle energy related to decay type.
12 - other information and notes: AL = Adopted Levels (link to external data [1]).

Miscellaneous:

()- Numbers in brackets: uncertainty to represent the spread of the reported value.
~ - Theoretical values or systematic trends.
  - unlisted-: Nuclides that have already been mentioned in the literature but for some reason can no longer be found in the current nuclide tables because their discovery e.g. has not confirmed.

 

NMR active Rubidium nuclides

Nuclide
quantity 1)
spin		Nuclear
magnetic
moment
μ/μN		Gyromagnetic ratio
{Quadrupole moment}		Resonant
frequency
v0 bei 1 T		Relative
sensitivity
H0 = const.
v0 = const. 3)
85Rb
72,17(2) %
5/2-		+1,35306(4)2,5923
{+ 0,276(1)}		4,12530,01061
1,1304
87Rb
27,83(2) %
3/2-		+ 2,75129(8)8,7851
{+ 0,1335(5)}		13,98140,17704
1,6419

1) Quantity Percentage of natural occurrence.

2) Gyromagnetic ratio: 107 rad T-1 s-1
    Quadrupole moment: Q [barn] = [100 fm2]

3) Related to 1H = 1,000.

 

Radiation Protection

According to the Radiation Protection Ordinance (StrlSchV 2018, Germany), the following values (columns 1 to 7) apply to the handling of Rubidium radionuclides:

NuclideLimit ValueHASS limitSCDaughter NuclidesHalf-life
Rb-79105 Bq10 Bq/g22.9 min
Rb-81+106 Bq10 Bq/g0,1 TBq4.6 h
Rb-81m+107 Bq1000 Bq/g30.3 min
Rb-82m106 Bq10 Bq/g6.5 h
Rb-83+106 Bq1 Bq/g0,1 TBq10 Bq -2Kr-83m86.2 d
Rb-84106 Bq1 Bq/g0,07 TBq33.5 d
Rb-86105 Bq100 Bq/g0,7 TBq10 Bq cm-218.6 d
Rb-87107 Bq10 Bq/gUnbegrenzt (UL)4.8 × 1010 a
Rb-88105 Bq10 Bq/g17.8 min
Rb-89105 Bq10 Bq/g15.4 min

(HASS = High-Activity Sealed Radioactive Sources; SC = surface contamination)

 

Literature Sources and References

Properties of the Rubidium nucleides

[1] - NuDat: National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory, based on ENSDF and the Nuclear Wallet Cards.

[2] - G. Audi et. al.: The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties. Nuclear Physics, (2003), DOI 10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.

[3] - Live Chart of Nuclides. Nuclear structure and decay data.

Rubidium: NMR properties - 85Rb-NMR, 87Rb-NMR

[4] - N. J. Stone: Table of nuclear magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments. Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, (2005), DOI 10.1016/j.adt.2005.04.001.

[5] - Pekka Pyykkö: Year-2008 nuclear quadrupole moments. Molecular Physics, (2008), DOI 10.1080/00268970802018367.

[6] - Pekka Pyykkö: Year-2017 nuclear quadrupole moments. Molecular Physics, (2018), DOI 10.1080/00268976.2018.1426131.

[7] - N. J. Stone: Table of recommended nuclear magnetic dipole moments. IAEA, (2019).

More sources:

[8] - Isotopic abundances, atomic weights and isotopic masses: see respective keyword.

 

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