Isotopes of Yttrium

List, data and properties of all known isotopes of Yttrium.

Content

Atomic properties

Decay properties

NMR active nuclides

Radiation protection

References

All atomic nuclei of the chemical element yttrium are summarized under yttrium isotopes; these all consist of an atomic nucleus with 39 protons and, in the uncharged state, 39 electrons. The difference between each yttrium isotope is based on the number of neutrons in the nucleus.

Naturally Occurring Yttrium Isotopes

The chemical element yttrium, which is one of the rare earth metals, occurs in nature only in the form of the stable nuclide yttrium-89. All other isotopes are unstable and decay with half-lives of a few days and much less, emitting radioactive radiation. Some other short-lived yttrium isotopes are formed during uranium fission, for example in nuclear power plants or in nuclear explosions.

The yttrium isotope Y-90 is used as a radiotherapeutic agent in anti-inflammatory agents: ATC code V10AA01 (⁹⁰yttrium citrate colloid), V10AA02 (⁹⁰yttrium iron(III) hydroxide colloid) and V10AA03 (⁹⁰yttrium silicate colloid). Yttrium-90 can be generated by neutron irradiation of yttrium-89 or strontium-90.

Isotope Table: Yttrium

The two following tables list the most important data and properties of the Yttrium isotopes. Further information on the individual Yttrium isotopes is listed on separate pages and can be accessed via the link in column 1.

Atomic Properties

Isotope Nuclide	E	N	Atomic Mass [Nuclear Mass] {Mass Excess}	Spin I (h/2π)	Parent
1	2	3	4	5	6
Yttrium-76	7639Y	37	75.95869(32) u [75.9372963 u] {-38.48002 MeV}
Yttrium-77	7739Y	38	76.95015(22) u [76.9287563 u] {-46.43498 MeV}	(5/2+)
Yttrium-78	7839Y	39	77.94399(32) u [77.9225963 u] {-52.17298 MeV}	(0+)	⁷⁸Zr
Yttrium-78m	78m39Y	39	77.94399(32) u [77.9225963 u] {-52.17298 MeV}	(5+)
Yttrium-79	7939Y	40	78.93793(8) u [78.9165363 u] {-57.81783 MeV}	(5/2+)	⁷⁹Zr
Yttrium-80	8039Y	41	79.934355(7) u [79.9129613 u] {-61.14792 MeV}	(4-)	⁸⁰Zr
Yttrium-80m1	80m139Y	41	79.934355(7) u [79.9129613 u] {-61.14792 MeV}	(1-)
Yttrium-80m2	80m239Y	41	79.934355(7) u [79.9129613 u] {-61.14792 MeV}	(2+)
Yttrium-81	8139Y	42	80.929454(6) u [80.9080603 u] {-65.71318 MeV}	(5/2+)	⁸¹Zr
Yttrium-82	8239Y	43	81.926930(6) u [81.9055363 u] {-68.06427 MeV}	1+	⁸²Zr
Yttrium-82m1	82m139Y	43	81.926930(6) u [81.9055363 u] {-68.06427 MeV}	4-
Yttrium-82m2	82m239Y	43	81.926930(6) u [81.9055363 u] {-68.06427 MeV}	6+
Yttrium-83	8339Y	44	82.922484(20) u [82.9010903 u] {-72.20569 MeV}	9/2+	⁸³Zr
Yttrium-83m	83m39Y	44	82.922484(20) u [82.9010903 u] {-72.20569 MeV}	3/2-
Yttrium-84	8439Y	45	83.920671(5) u [83.8992773 u] {-73.89449 MeV}	(6+)	⁸⁴Zr
Yttrium-84m	84m39Y	45	83.920671(5) u [83.8992773 u] {-73.89449 MeV}	1+
Yttrium-85	8539Y	46	84.916433(20) u [84.8950393 u] {-77.84216 MeV}	(1/2)-	⁸⁵Zr
Yttrium-85m1	85m139Y	46	84.916433(20) u [84.8950393 u] {-77.84216 MeV}	(9/2)+
Yttrium-85m2	85m239Y	46	84.916433(20) u [84.8950393 u] {-77.84216 MeV}	(5/2)-
Yttrium-86	8639Y	47	85.914886(15) u [85.8934923 u] {-79.28318 MeV}	4-	⁸⁶Zr
Yttrium-86m1	86m139Y	47	85.914886(15) u [85.8934923 u] {-79.28318 MeV}	(8+)
Yttrium-86m2	86m239Y	47	85.914886(15) u [85.8934923 u] {-79.28318 MeV}	(7-)
Yttrium-87	8739Y	48	86.9108761(12) u [86.8894824 u] {-83.01838 MeV}	1/2-	⁸⁷Zr
Yttrium-87m	87m39Y	48	86.9108761(12) u [86.8894824 u] {-83.01838 MeV}	9/2+
Yttrium-88	8839Y	49	87.9095013(16) u [87.8881076 u] {-84.299 MeV}	4-	⁸⁸Zr
Yttrium-88m1	88m139Y	49	87.9095013(16) u [87.8881076 u] {-84.299 MeV}	1+
Yttrium-88m2	88m239Y	49	87.9095013(16) u [87.8881076 u] {-84.299 MeV}	8+
Yttrium-89	8939Y	50	88.90584(2) u [88.8844463 u] {-87.70948 MeV}	1/2-	⁸⁹Zr ⁸⁹Sr
Yttrium-89m	89m39Y	50	88.90584(2) u [88.8844463 u] {-87.70948 MeV}	9/2+
Yttrium-90	9039Y	51	89.9071417(4) u [89.885748 u] {-86.49695 MeV}	2-	⁹⁰Sr
Yttrium-90m	90m39Y	51	89.9071448(17) u [89.8857511 u] {-86.49406 MeV}	7+
Yttrium-91	9139Y	52	90.9072981(20) u [90.8859044 u] {-86.35126 MeV}	1/2-	⁹¹Sr
Yttrium-91m	91m39Y	52	90.9072981(20) u [90.8859044 u] {-86.35126 MeV}	9/2+
Yttrium-92	9239Y	53	91.908946(10) u [91.8875523 u] {-84.81625 MeV}	2-	⁹²Sr
Yttrium-93	9339Y	54	92.909578(11) u [92.8881843 u] {-84.22755 MeV}	1/2-	⁹³Sr
Yttrium-93m	93m39Y	54	92.909578(11) u [92.8881843 u] {-84.22755 MeV}	(9/2)+
Yttrium-94	9439Y	55	93.911592(7) u [93.8901983 u] {-82.35152 MeV}	2-	⁹⁴Sr
Yttrium-94m	94m39Y	55	93.911592(7) u [93.8901983 u] {-82.35152 MeV}	(5+)
Yttrium-95	9539Y	56	94.912819(7) u [94.8914253 u] {-81.20858 MeV}	1/2-	⁹⁵Sr
Yttrium-96	9639Y	57	95.915903(7) u [95.8945093 u] {-78.33585 MeV}	0-	⁹⁶Sr
Yttrium-96m	96m39Y	57	95.915903(7) u [95.8945093 u] {-78.33585 MeV}	8+
Yttrium-97	9739Y	58	96.918280(7) u [96.8968863 u] {-76.12169 MeV}	(1/2-)	⁹⁷Sr
Yttrium-97m1	97m139Y	58	96.918280(7) u [96.8968863 u] {-76.12169 MeV}	(9/2)+
Yttrium-97m2	97m239Y	58	96.918280(7) u [96.8968863 u] {-76.12169 MeV}	(27/2-)
Yttrium-98	9839Y	59	97.922388(9) u [97.9009943 u] {-72.29511 MeV}	(0)-	⁹⁸Sr
Yttrium-98m1	98m139Y	59	97.922388(9) u [97.9009943 u] {-72.29511 MeV}	(2)-
Yttrium-98m2	98m239Y	59	97.922388(9) u [97.9009943 u] {-72.29511 MeV}	(4,5)
Yttrium-98m3	98m339Y	59	97.922388(9) u [97.9009943 u] {-72.29511 MeV}	(2-)
Yttrium-98m4	98m439Y	59	97.922388(9) u [97.9009943 u] {-72.29511 MeV}	(8-)
Yttrium-99	9939Y	60	98.924154(7) u [98.9027603 u] {-70.65009 MeV}	(5/2+)	⁹⁹Sr
Yttrium-99m	99m39Y	60	98.924154(7) u [98.9027603 u] {-70.65009 MeV}	(17/2+)
Yttrium-100	10039Y	61	99.927721(12) u [99.9063273 u] {-67.32745 MeV}	1-, 2-	¹⁰⁰Sr
Yttrium-100m	100m39Y	61	99.927721(12) u [99.9063273 u] {-67.32745 MeV}	(3,4,5)
Yttrium-101	10139Y	62	100.930154(8) u [100.9087603 u] {-65.06113 MeV}	(5/2+)	¹⁰¹Sr
Yttrium-102	10239Y	63	101.934328(4) u [101.9129343 u] {-61.17307 MeV}	High Low	¹⁰²Sr
Yttrium-103	10339Y	64	102.937243(12) u [102.9158493 u] {-58.45777 MeV}	(5/2+)	¹⁰³Sr
Yttrium-104	10439Y	65	103.94196(43) u [103.9205663 u] {-54.06391 MeV}		¹⁰⁴Sr
Yttrium-105	10539Y	66	104.94496(143) u [104.9235663 u] {-51.26943 MeV}	5/2+~	¹⁰⁵Sr
Yttrium-106	10639Y	67	105.95056(54) u [105.9291663 u] {-46.05306 MeV}
Yttrium-107	10739Y	68	106.95452(54) u [106.9331263 u] {-42.36435 MeV}	(5/2+)
Yttrium-108	10839Y	69	107.95996(64) u [107.9385663 u] {-37.29702 MeV}
Yttrium-109	10939Y	70	108.96436(75) u [108.9429663 u] {-33.19845 MeV}	(5/2+)

Radioactive Decay Properties

Isotope	Radioactive Decay				Extern
	Half-life	Decay Mode	Probability	Energy
7	8	9	10	11	12
Y-76	24 ms	p → ⁷⁵Sr EC/β⁺ → ⁷⁶Sr	? ?	15.77(30) MeV	AL
Y-77	57 ms	p → ⁷⁶Sr EC/β⁺ → ⁷⁷Sr EC, p	> 99.9 % < 0.1 % ?	11.36(20) MeV	AL
Y-78	53(8) ms	EC/β⁺ → ⁷⁸Sr EC, p → ⁷⁷Rb	~ 100 %	11.0(3) MeV	AL
Y-78m	5.8(6) s	EC/β⁺ → ⁷⁸Sr EC, p → ⁷⁷Rb	~ 100 % ?		AL
Y-79	14.8(6) s	EC/β⁺ → ⁷⁹Sr EC, p → ⁷⁸Rb	> 99.9 % < 0.1 %	7.66(8) MeV -	AL
Y-80	30.1(5) s	EC/β⁺ → ⁸⁰Sr EC, p → ⁷⁹Rb		9.163(7) MeV	AL
Y-80m1	4.8(3) s	Iso → ⁸⁰Y EC/β⁺ → ⁸⁰Sr	81(2) % 19(2) %		AL
Y-80m2	4.7(3) μs	Iso → ⁸⁰Y	100 %		AL
Y-81	70.4(10) s	EC/β⁺ → ⁸¹Sr	100 %	5.815(6) MeV	AL
Y-82	8.30(20) s	EC/β⁺ → ⁸²Sr	100 %	7.746(8) MeV	AL
Y-82m1	268(25) ns				AL
Y-82m2	147(7) ns				AL
Y-83	7.08(8) min	EC/β⁺ → ⁸³Sr	100 %	4.592(20) MeV	AL
Y-83m	2.85(2) min	EC/β⁺ → ⁸³Sr Iso ⁸³Y	60(5) % 40(5) %	4.6 MeV ?	AL
Y-84	39.5(8) min	EC/β⁺ → ⁸⁴Sr	100 %	6.755(4) MeV	AL
Y-84m	4.6(2) s	EC/β⁺ → ⁸⁴Sr	100 %		AL
Y-85	2.68(5) h	EC/β⁺ → ⁸⁵Sr	100 %	3.261(19) MeV	AL
Y-85m1	4.86(20) h	EC/β⁺ → ⁸⁵Sr Iso → ⁸⁵Y	99.998 % 0.002 %		AL
Y-85m2	178(6) ns				AL
Y-86	14.74(2) h	EC/β⁺ → ⁸⁶Sr	100 %	5.240(14) MeV	AL
Y-86m1	47.4(4) min	Iso → ⁸⁶Y EC/β⁺ → ⁸⁶Sr	99.31(4) % 0.69(4) %		AL
Y-86m2	127(4) ns				AL
Y-87	79.8(3) h	EC/β⁺ → ⁸⁷Sr	100 %	1.8617(11) MeV	AL
Y-87m	13.37(3) h	Iso → ⁸⁷Y EC/β⁺ → ⁸⁷Sr	98.43(11) % 1.57(11) %		AL
Y-88	106.626(21) d	EC/β⁺ → ⁸⁸Sr	100 %	3.6226(15) MeV	AL
Y-88m1	0.301(3) ms	Iso → ⁸⁸Y	100 %		AL
Y-88m2	13.98(17) ms	Iso → ⁸⁸Y	100 %		AL
Y-89	stable				AL
Y-89m	15.663(5) s	Iso → ⁸⁹Y	100 %	0.909 MeV	AL
Y-90	64.05(5) h	β^- → ⁹⁰Zr	100 %	2.2756(4) MeV	AL
Y-90m	3.19(6) h	Iso → ⁹⁰Y β^- → ⁹⁰Zr	99.9982(2) % 0.0018(2) %		AL
Y-91	58.51(6) d	β^- → ⁹¹Zr	100 %	1.5443(18) MeV	AL
Y-91m	49.71(4) min	Iso → ⁹¹Y β^- → ⁹¹Zr	98.5 % 1.5 %	0.555 MeV ?	AL
Y-92	3.54(1) h	β^- → ⁹²Zr	100 %	3.643(9) MeV	AL
Y-93	10.18(8) h	β^- → ⁹³Zr	100 %	2.895(10) MeV	AL
Y-93m	0.82(4) s	Iso → ⁹³Y	100 %	0.759 MeV	AL
Y-94	18.7(1) min	β^- → ⁹⁴Zr	100 %	4.918(6) MeV	AL
Y-94m	1.35(2) μs	Iso → ⁹⁴Y	100 %
Y-95	10.3(1) min	β^- → ⁹⁵Zr	100 %	4.451(7) MeV	AL
Y-96	5.34(5) s	β^- → ⁹⁶Zr	100 %	7.103(6) MeV	AL
Y-96m	9.6(2) s	β^- → ⁹⁶Zr	100 %		AL
Y-97	3.75(3) s	β^- → ⁹⁷Zr β^-, n → ⁹⁶Zr	99.95 % 0.055(4) %	6.69 MeV ?	AL
Y-97m1	1.17(3) s	β^- → ⁹⁷Zr Iso → ⁹⁷Y β^-, n → ⁹⁶Zr	> 99.3 % < 0.7 % < 0.08 %	7.4 MeV ?	AL
Y-97m2	142(8) ms	Iso → ⁹⁷Y β^- → ⁹⁷Zr	94.8(9) % 5.2(9) %		AL
Y-98	548(2) ms	β^- → ⁹⁸Zr β^-, n → ⁹⁷Zr	99.669 % 0.331(24) %	8.992(12) MeV 2.577(8) MeV	AL
Y-98m1	0.62(8) μs				AL
Y-98m2	2.0(2) s	β^- → ⁹⁸Zr Iso → ⁹⁸Y β^-, n → ⁹⁷Zr	86.6 % 10 % 3.4 %	9.8 MeV	AL
Y-98m3	7.6(4) μs				AL
Y-98m4	0.83(10) μs				AL
Y-99	1.484(7) s	β^- → ⁹⁹Zr β^-, n → ⁹⁸Zr	98.3 % 1.77(19) %	7.57 MeV ?	AL
Y-99m	8.0(5) μs	Iso → ⁹⁹Y	100 %		AL
Y-100	735(7) ms	β^- → ¹⁰⁰Zr β^-, n → ⁹⁹Zr	99.08 % 0.92(8) %	9.050(14) MeV 2.222(15) MeV	AL
Y-100m	0.94(3) s	β^- → ¹⁰⁰Zr	100 %		AL
Y-101	0.45(2) s	β^- → ¹⁰¹Zr β^-, n → ¹⁰⁰Zr	98.06 % 1.94(18) %	8.105(11) MeV 3.245(11) MeV	AL
Y-102	High: 0.36(4) s Low: 0.298(9) s	β^- → ¹⁰²Zr β^-, n → ¹⁰¹Zr	95.1 % 4.9(12) %	10.415(10) MeV 3.921(9) MeV	AL
Y-103	0.23(2) s	β^- → ¹⁰³Zr β^-, n → ¹⁰²Zr	92 % 8(3) %	9.358(15) MeV 5.059(14) MeV	AL
Y-104	197(4) ms	β^- → ¹⁰⁴Zr β^-, n → ¹⁰³Zr β^-, 2n → ¹⁰²Zr	66 % 34(10) % ?	11.66(40) MeV 5.68(40) MeV	AL
Y-105	95(9) ms	β^- → ¹⁰⁵Zr β^-, n → ¹⁰⁴Zr β^-, 2n → ¹⁰³Zr	~18 % < 82 % ?	10.19 MeV 6.38 MeV	AL
Y-106	79 ms	β^- → ¹⁰⁶Zr β^-, n → ¹⁰⁵Zr β^-, 2n → ¹⁹⁴Zr	? ?	12.50(66) MeV 7.34(50) MeV	AL
Y-107	33.5(30) ms	β^- → ¹⁰⁷Zr β^-, n → ¹⁰⁶Zr β^-, 2n → ¹⁰⁵Zr		12.0 MeV 8.11 MeV	AL
Y-108	30(5) ms	β^- → ¹⁰⁸Zr β^-, n → ¹⁰⁷Zr β^-, 2n → ¹⁰⁶Zr	? ?	14.06(72) MeV 9.01 MeV	AL
Y-109	25(5) ms	β^- → ¹⁰⁹Zr	100 %	12.99(86) MeV	AL

Notes (related to the columns):

1 - name of the nuclide, isotope.
2 - E: isotope symbol with mass number (superscript; number of nucleons) and Atomic number (subscript; number of protons).
3 - N: number of neutrons.
4 - relative atomic mass of the Yttrium isotope (isotopic mass including electrons) and the mass of the atomic nucleus in square brackets (nuclear mass, nuclide mass without electrons), each related to ¹²C = 12.00000 [2]. In addition, the mass excess is given in MeV.
5 - nuclear spin I, unit: h/2π.
6 - source nuclides: Possible, assumed or actual source nuclides (mother nuclides, parent nuclides). If applicable, the corresponding decay modes can be found in the data for the respective starting nuclide.

7 - isotope notation in short form.
8 - decay: half-live of the Yttrium isotope (a = years; ; d = days; h = hours; min = minutes; s = seconds).
9 - decay mode: type of decay into the respective daughter nuclides with n = neutron emission; p = proton emission; α = alpha decay; β^- = beta minus decay with electron emission; EC = electron capture; β⁺ = positron emission; ε = β⁺ and/or EC; Iso = isomeric transition; CD = cluster decay; SF = spontaneous decay.
10 - decay probability in percent (%).
11 - decay energy; Particle energy related to decay type.
12 - other information and notes: AL = Adopted Levels (link to external data [1]).

Miscellaneous:

()- Numbers in brackets: uncertainty to represent the spread of the reported value.
~ - Theoretical values or systematic trends.
- unlisted-: Nuclides that have already been mentioned in the literature but for some reason can no longer be found in the current nuclide tables because their discovery e.g. has not confirmed.

NMR active Yttrium nuclides

Nuclide quantity ¹) spin	Nuclear magnetic moment μ/μ_N	Gyromagnetic ratio {Quadrupole moment}	Resonant frequency v₀ bei 1 T	Relative sensitivity H₀ = const. v₀ = const. ³)
⁸⁹Y 100 % 1/2-	-0,1374154(3)	- 1.3155 {}	2,0949	0,00012 0,0492

¹) Quantity Percentage of natural occurrence.

²) Gyromagnetic ratio: 10⁷ rad T^-1 s^-1
Quadrupole moment: Q [barn] = [100 fm²]

³) Related to ¹H = 1,000.

Radiation Protection

According to the Radiation Protection Ordinance (StrlSchV 2018, Germany), the following values (columns 1 to 7) apply to the handling of Yttrium radionuclides:

Nuclide	Limit Value		HASS limit	SC	Daughter Nuclides	Half-life
Y-86	10⁵ Bq	10 Bq/g				14.7 h
Y-86m	10⁷ Bq	100 Bq/g				48.0 min
Y-87+	10⁶ Bq	10 Bq/g	0,09 TBq		Sr-87m	79.8 h
Y-88	10⁶ Bq	10 Bq/g	0,03 TBq	1 Bq cm^-2		106.6 d
Y-90	10⁵ Bq	1000 Bq/g	5 TBq	100 Bq cm^-2		64.1 h
Y-91	10⁶ Bq	100 Bq/g	8 TBq	100 Bq cm^-2		58.5 d
Y-91m	10⁶ Bq	100 Bq/g	0,1 TBq	1 Bq cm^-2		49.7 min
Y-92	10⁵ Bq	100 Bq/g	0,2 TBq	10 Bq cm^-2		3.5 h
Y-93	10⁵ Bq	100 Bq/g	0,6 TBq	10 Bq cm^-2		10.2 h
Y-94	10⁵ Bq	10 Bq/g				18.7 min
Y-95	10⁵ Bq	10 Bq/g				10.3 min

(HASS = High-Activity Sealed Radioactive Sources; SC = surface contamination)

Literature Sources and References

Properties of the Yttrium nucleides

[1] - NuDat: National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory, based on ENSDF and the Nuclear Wallet Cards.

[2] - G. Audi et. al.: The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties. Nuclear Physics, (2003), DOI 10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.

[3] - Live Chart of Nuclides. Nuclear structure and decay data.

Yttrium: NMR properties - ⁸⁹Y-NMR

[4] - N. J. Stone: Table of nuclear magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments. Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, (2005), DOI 10.1016/j.adt.2005.04.001.

[5] - Pekka Pyykkö: Year-2008 nuclear quadrupole moments. Molecular Physics, (2008), DOI 10.1080/00268970802018367.

[6] - Pekka Pyykkö: Year-2017 nuclear quadrupole moments. Molecular Physics, (2018), DOI 10.1080/00268976.2018.1426131.

[7] - N. J. Stone: Table of recommended nuclear magnetic dipole moments. IAEA, (2019).

More sources:

[8] - Isotopic abundances, atomic weights and isotopic masses: see respective keyword.

[9] - A. Nystrom, M. Thoennessen:
Discovery of Yttrium, Zirconium, Niobium, Technetium, and Ruthenium Isotopes.
In: Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, (2012), DOI 10.1016/j.adt.2011.12.002.

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Last update: 2022-12-12

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