Carbon

Chemical, physical and material properties and data of the chemical element Carbon.

Content

General data

Atomar properties

Electron configutation

General Information about Carbon

Regular nameCarbonChemical symbolCOther namesSystematic nameHistorical namesName meaning, originDiscovery (year)OccurencePosition in the PSEGroup membership

Atomar Properties of Carbon

Atomic number Z6 = number of protonsStandard Atomic Weight12.011
intervall: [12.0096, 12.0116]

Electron configuration of Carbon

1s	2s	2p	3s	3p	3d	4s	4p	4d	4f	5s	5p	5d	5f	6s	6p	6d	6f	7s	7p
2	2	2

Abbreviated form: [He] 2s² 2p² .

Ionization Energies of Carbon

The following table lists the ionization energies IE (ionization potentials); the IE is the energy required in electron volts (eV) per atom to separate a given electron from an Carbon atom.

IE1	IE2	IE3	IE4	IE5	IE6
11.26030	24.3833	47.8878	64.4939	392.087	489.99334

Isotopic Data of Carbon

An overview of the nuclides as well as the isotopic data and properties are listed on the following page: Carbon isotopes.

Chemistry of Carbon

Electronegativity2.5 (Pauling original)
2.55 (Pauling)
2.544 (Allen)
2.5 (Mulliken)
2.47 (Sanderson)
2.50 (Allred-Rochow)
6.2338 eV (Gosh Gupta)
6.27 eV (Pearson)Electron affinity1.262 113 6(12) eV
121.775 5(2) kJ mol^-1

Standard Electrode Potential

E⁰ (V)	Symbol	N_ox	Name Ox. Name Red.	Ox. Red.	e^-
-0.43	C	+ IV + III	Carbon dioxide Oxalic acid	2 CO₂ (g) + 2 H⁺ ⇄ HOOC-COOH (aq)	+ 2 e^-
-0.11	C	+ IV + II	carbon dioxide Formic acid	CO₂ (g) + 2 H⁺ ⇄ HCOOH (aq)	+ 2 e^-
-0.11	C	+ IV + II	carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide	CO₂ (g) + 2 H⁺ ⇄ CO (g) + H₂O	+ 2 e^-
-0.03	C	+ II 0	Formic acid Methanal	HCOOH (aq) + 2 H⁺ ⇄ HCHO (aq) + H₂O	+ 2 e^-
0.13	C	0 - IV	Carbon Methane	C (s) + 4 H⁺ ⇄ CH₄ (g)	+ 4 e^-
0.52	C	+ II 0	Carbon monoxide Carbon	CO (g) + 2 H⁺ ⇄ C (s) + H₂O	+ 2 e^-

Material and Physical Properties

Melting point ? 3527 °C Enthalpy of fusion (molar)117 kJ mol^-1Boiling point4027 °CDensity2.267 g cm^-3 (Graphit)

External Data, Identifiers

CAS registry number7440-44-0InChI =1S/CPubChem ID5462310

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Last update: 2022-12-12

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